Simple Negation in German
Understanding how to negate sentences is essential for communicating accurately in German. This lesson will introduce you to the two main ways to form negation: nicht and kein. You will learn their rules, placement in sentences, and see practical examples with translations.
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to construct negative statements, negate nouns and verbs, and use common negative expressions in everyday conversation.
2. Basic Negation: “nicht”
The word “nicht” is used to negate verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or whole sentences in German. Its placement depends on what you are negating.
| German Sentence | Translation | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Ich gehe heute nicht. | I am not going today. | "nicht" negates the adverb "heute" / the whole sentence. |
| Das ist nicht schwer. | That is not difficult. | "nicht" negates the adjective "schwer". |
| Ich kann das nicht machen. | I cannot do that. | "nicht" negates the verb phrase "machen". |
| Er spricht nicht gut Deutsch. | He does not speak German well. | "nicht" negates the adverb "gut". |
| Wir haben das Buch nicht. | We do not have the book. | "nicht" negates the verb "haben". |
Interactive Practice
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Complete the sentence: Ich verstehe das ______.
Show answer
Ich verstehe das nicht. → I do not understand that.
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Complete the sentence: Sie kommt heute ______.
Show answer
Sie kommt heute nicht. → She is not coming today.
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Transform the sentence to negative: Er spricht gut Englisch.
Show answer
Er spricht nicht gut Englisch. → He does not speak English well.
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Transform the sentence to negative: Wir haben Zeit.
Show answer
Wir haben nicht Zeit. → We do not have time.
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Choose the correct placement of nicht in: Ich mag das Buch
Show answer
Ich mag das Buch nicht. → I do not like the book.
3. Negating Nouns: “kein”
The word “kein” is used to negate nouns that would normally have an indefinite article (ein/eine). It behaves like an adjective and must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it negates.
| Gender / Number | Indefinite Article | Negation with "kein" | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | ein | kein | Ich habe keinen Hund. | I do not have a dog. |
| Feminine | eine | keine | Ich habe keine Katze. | I do not have a cat. |
| Neuter | ein | kein | Ich habe kein Auto. | I do not have a car. |
| Plural | — | keine | Ich habe keine Bücher. | I do not have any books. |
Interactive Practice
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Complete the sentence: Ich habe ______ Schwester.
Show answer
Ich habe keine Schwester. → I do not have a sister.
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Complete the sentence: Er hat ______ Auto.
Show answer
Er hat kein Auto. → He does not have a car.
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Transform the sentence to negative: Wir haben Bücher.
Show answer
Wir haben keine Bücher. → We do not have books.
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Complete with the correct form: Sie hat ______ Hund.
Show answer
Sie hat keinen Hund. → She does not have a dog.
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Transform to negative: Ich sehe einen Vogel.
Show answer
Ich sehe keinen Vogel. → I do not see a bird.
Notes
- kein behaves like an adjective: it must match gender, number, and case of the noun.
- Used only with nouns that would normally take an indefinite article or in plural.
- Helps differentiate between not any vs. not verbs (use nicht).
4. Combining “nicht” and “kein”
In German, “nicht” and “kein” are both used for negation, but their usage differs:
- kein is used to negate nouns with indefinite articles or plurals (as seen in Section 3).
- nicht is used to negate verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or definite nouns.
Choosing the correct negation depends on what you want to negate in the sentence.
| Sentence | Negation Type | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Ich habe kein Auto. | Noun → kein | I do not have a car. |
| Ich sehe nicht das Auto. | Verb / Definite noun → nicht | I do not see the car. |
| Das Buch ist nicht interessant. | Adjective → nicht | The book is not interesting. |
| Wir haben keine Freunde hier. | Noun → kein | We do not have any friends here. |
| Er kommt nicht heute. | Adverb → nicht | He is not coming today. |
Interactive Practice
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Choose the correct negation: Ich habe ein Buch.
Show answer
Ich habe kein Buch. → I do not have a book.
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Negate the sentence: Er liest das Buch.
Show answer
Er liest nicht das Buch. → He is not reading the book.
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Negate the adjective: Die Suppe ist lecker.
Show answer
Die Suppe ist nicht lecker. → The soup is not tasty.
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Choose the correct form for plural: Wir haben Freunde.
Show answer
Wir haben keine Freunde. → We do not have any friends.
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Negate the verb: Sie kommt morgen.
Show answer
Sie kommt nicht morgen. → She is not coming tomorrow.
Notes
- Use kein only for nouns with indefinite articles or plurals.
- Use nicht for verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and definite nouns.
- Pay attention to sentence emphasis: nicht can sometimes change meaning depending on its position.
5. Negation with Modal Verbs
When negating sentences with modal verbs (können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen), the placement of nicht is important:
- nicht usually comes before the main verb in the infinitive clause at the end.
- The modal verb in the present tense is conjugated normally.
| Sentence | Negation Type | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Ich kann nicht schwimmen. | Verb negation | I cannot swim. |
| Wir müssen nicht arbeiten. | Verb negation | We do not have to work. |
| Er darf nicht rauchen. | Verb negation | He is not allowed to smoke. |
| Sie wollen nicht kommen. | Verb negation | They do not want to come. |
| Du sollst nicht so laut sprechen. | Verb negation | You should not speak so loudly. |
Interactive Practice
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Negate the sentence: Ich kann singen.
Show answer
Ich kann nicht singen. → I cannot sing.
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Negate: Wir müssen lernen.
Show answer
Wir müssen nicht lernen. → We do not have to study.
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Negate: Er darf das Auto fahren.
Show answer
Er darf nicht das Auto fahren. → He is not allowed to drive the car.
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Negate: Sie wollen spielen.
Show answer
Sie wollen nicht spielen. → They do not want to play.
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Negate: Du sollst helfen.
Show answer
Du sollst nicht helfen. → You should not help.
Notes
- Always place nicht before the infinitive verb in modal constructions.
- Do not conjugate nicht—it is not a verb; it is a particle for negation.
- Remember that modal verbs in German retain their usual conjugation in the present tense.
6. Negation with Separable Verbs
In German, separable-prefix verbs split in main clauses. When negating, nicht is placed before the separable prefix or at the end depending on the structure.
| Sentence | Negation Type | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Ich stehe nicht früh auf. | Separable verb negation | I do not get up early. |
| Wir rufen dich nicht an. | Separable verb negation | We are not calling you. |
| Er zieht sich nicht schnell an. | Separable verb negation | He does not get dressed quickly. |
| Sie macht das Licht nicht aus. | Separable verb negation | She does not turn off the light. |
| Du fährst morgen nicht ab. | Separable verb negation | You are not leaving tomorrow. |
Interactive Practice
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Negate: Ich stehe früh auf.
Show answer
Ich stehe nicht früh auf. → I do not get up early.
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Negate: Wir rufen dich an.
Show answer
Wir rufen dich nicht an. → We are not calling you.
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Negate: Er zieht sich schnell an.
Show answer
Er zieht sich nicht schnell an. → He does not get dressed quickly.
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Negate: Sie macht das Licht aus.
Show answer
Sie macht das Licht nicht aus. → She does not turn off the light.
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Negate: Du fährst morgen ab.
Show answer
Du fährst morgen nicht ab. → You are not leaving tomorrow.
Notes
- For separable verbs, nicht usually comes before the prefix in main clauses.
- The conjugated verb remains in the second position in declarative sentences.
- Remember: in subordinate clauses, the verb goes to the end, and nicht precedes the infinitive as usual.
7. Negation with Compound Sentences
When dealing with compound or complex sentences in German, nicht generally goes before the element it negates. In subordinate clauses, the verb moves to the end, but nicht placement remains just before what it negates.
| Sentence | Negation Type | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Ich gehe heute nicht einkaufen, weil es regnet. | Compound sentence negation | I am not going shopping today because it is raining. |
| Wir bleiben zu Hause, und wir schauen nicht fern. | Compound sentence negation | We are staying at home, and we are not watching TV. |
| Sie isst nicht, obwohl sie Hunger hat. | Subordinate clause negation | She is not eating, although she is hungry. |
| Du darfst nicht gehen, bevor du die Hausaufgaben gemacht hast. | Subordinate clause negation | You may not leave before you have done your homework. |
| Ich habe das Buch nicht gelesen, und ich habe den Film nicht gesehen. | Compound sentence negation | I have not read the book, and I have not seen the movie. |
Interactive Practice
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Negate: Ich gehe heute einkaufen, weil es regnet.
Show answer
Ich gehe heute nicht einkaufen, weil es regnet. → I am not going shopping today because it is raining.
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Negate: Wir schauen fern.
Show answer
Wir schauen nicht fern. → We are not watching TV.
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Negate: Sie isst, obwohl sie Hunger hat.
Show answer
Sie isst nicht, obwohl sie Hunger hat. → She is not eating, although she is hungry.
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Negate: Du darfst gehen, bevor du die Hausaufgaben gemacht hast.
Show answer
Du darfst nicht gehen, bevor du die Hausaufgaben gemacht hast. → You may not leave before you have done your homework.
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Negate: Ich habe das Buch gelesen und den Film gesehen.
Show answer
Ich habe das Buch nicht gelesen, und ich habe den Film nicht gesehen. → I have not read the book, and I have not seen the movie.
Notes
- In compound sentences, nicht is usually placed before the element it negates.
- In subordinate clauses, the verb moves to the end, but nicht remains directly before the negated part.
- Multiple negations in a sentence require careful placement of nicht for clarity.
8. Negating Questions
In German, questions can also be negated using nicht or kein. Placement follows the same logic: nicht comes before the element it negates, and kein negates nouns with indefinite articles.
| Question | Negation Type | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Hast du ein Auto? | Original yes/no question | Do you have a car? |
| Hast du kein Auto? | Negation with "kein" | Don’t you have a car? |
| Kommst du heute? | Original yes/no question | Are you coming today? |
| Kommst du nicht heute? | Negation with "nicht" | Aren’t you coming today? |
| Willst du Kaffee trinken? | Original yes/no question | Do you want to drink coffee? |
| Willst du nicht Kaffee trinken? | Negation with "nicht" | Don’t you want to drink coffee? |
Interactive Practice
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Negate: Hast du ein Buch?
Show answer
Hast du kein Buch? → Don’t you have a book?
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Negate: Kommst du morgen?
Show answer
Kommst du nicht morgen? → Aren’t you coming tomorrow?
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Negate: Willst du Wasser trinken?
Show answer
Willst du nicht Wasser trinken? → Don’t you want to drink water?
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Negate: Hast du einen Stift?
Show answer
Hast du keinen Stift? → Don’t you have a pen?
Notes
- Use kein to negate nouns with indefinite articles and nicht for verbs, adjectives, or specific elements.
- For yes/no questions, negation slightly changes the tone, often making it sound like a confirmation request.
- Inverted word order in questions does not affect nicht placement.
9. Common Expressions of Negation
German has several negative expressions beyond nicht and kein, used to convey “nobody,” “nothing,” “never,” or “no longer.” These are essential in everyday conversation.
| Expression | Meaning | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| niemand | nobody | Niemand ist hier. | There is nobody here. |
| nichts | nothing | Ich sehe nichts. | I see nothing. |
| nie | never | Ich gehe nie spät ins Bett. | I never go to bed late. |
| noch nie | never (up to now) | Ich habe noch nie Sushi gegessen. | I have never eaten sushi. |
| nicht mehr | no longer, not anymore | Ich rauche nicht mehr. | I don’t smoke anymore. |
| kein … mehr | no … anymore | Ich habe keine Zeit mehr. | I have no time left. |
Interactive Practice
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Translate & use: “I have never been to Berlin.”
Show answer
Ich war noch nie in Berlin.
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Translate & use: “Nobody is at home.”
Show answer
Niemand ist zu Hause.
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Translate & use: “I don’t have any money anymore.”
Show answer
Ich habe kein Geld mehr.
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Translate & use: “I never eat fast food.”
Show answer
Ich esse nie Fast Food.
Notes
- These expressions are often used in everyday speech to convey complete negation.
- Pay attention to word order: negative expressions like nie, noch nie, nicht mehr usually go after the verb in main clauses.
- “Kein … mehr” combines the negation of a noun with the idea of “anymore” and requires declension matching the noun.
10. Interactive Practice Exercises
Practice negation with nicht, kein, modal verbs, separable verbs, compound sentences, and common expressions like niemand, nichts, nie.
Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises
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Ich habe ____ Geld. (no)
Show answer
Ich habe kein Geld. — I have no money.
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Er kommt heute ____ zur Arbeit. (not)
Show answer
Er kommt heute nicht zur Arbeit. — He is not coming to work today.
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Wir haben ____ Hunger. (never)
Show answer
Wir haben nie Hunger. — We are never hungry.
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____ ist zu Hause. (nobody)
Show answer
Niemand ist zu Hause. — Nobody is at home.
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Ich esse ____ Fast Food. (not anymore)
Show answer
Ich esse nicht mehr Fast Food. — I don’t eat fast food anymore.
Multiple Choice Exercises
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Choose the correct negation: “I have a car.”
Show answer
Ich habe kein Auto. — I don’t have a car.
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Choose the correct sentence: “She never goes to school.”
Show answer
Sie geht nie zur Schule.
Translation Exercises
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Translate: “We are not hungry.”
Show answer
Wir haben nicht Hunger. — We are not hungry.
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Translate: “Nobody speaks German.”
Show answer
Niemand spricht Deutsch. — Nobody speaks German.
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Translate: “I have never been to Munich.”
Show answer
Ich war noch nie in München. — I have never been to Munich.
Notes
- Pay attention to placement: nicht generally goes before the element it negates, while modal verbs and separable verbs affect the position.
- Use kein for nouns with indefinite articles or uncountable nouns.
- Common expressions like niemand, nichts, nie, nicht mehr are essential for everyday German.
11. Translation Exercises
Practice translating sentences to reinforce your understanding of German negation (nicht, kein, modal verbs, separable verbs, compound sentences).
English → German
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Translate: “I do not have a dog.”
Show answer
Ich habe keinen Hund. — I do not have a dog.
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Translate: “She is not coming today.”
Show answer
Sie kommt heute nicht. — She is not coming today.
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Translate: “We never eat fast food.”
Show answer
Wir essen nie Fast Food. — We never eat fast food.
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Translate: “Nobody is at home.”
Show answer
Niemand ist zu Hause. — Nobody is at home.
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Translate: “I don’t drink coffee anymore.”
Show answer
Ich trinke nicht mehr Kaffee. — I don’t drink coffee anymore.
German → English
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Translate: “Ich habe kein Auto.”
Show answer
I don’t have a car. — Ich habe kein Auto.
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Translate: “Sie geht nie zur Schule.”
Show answer
She never goes to school. — Sie geht nie zur Schule.
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Translate: “Ich war noch nie in Berlin.”
Show answer
I have never been to Berlin. — Ich war noch nie in Berlin.
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Translate: “Niemand spricht Deutsch.”
Show answer
Nobody speaks German. — Niemand spricht Deutsch.
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Translate: “Er kommt heute nicht zur Arbeit.”
Show answer
He is not coming to work today. — Er kommt heute nicht zur Arbeit.
Notes
- Remember that kein negates nouns, while nicht negates verbs, adjectives, or entire sentences.
- Pay attention to word order, especially with modal verbs and separable-prefix verbs.
- Use common expressions like nie, noch nie, nicht mehr, niemand for natural negation in daily conversation.
12. Quiz / Evaluation
Test your knowledge of German negation: nicht, kein, modal verbs, separable verbs, compound sentences, and common expressions.
Multiple Choice Questions (QCM)
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Which is the correct negation of “Ich habe einen Hund.”?
- A) Ich habe nicht Hund.
- B) Ich habe kein Hund.
- C) Ich habe niemand Hund.
Answer
B) Ich habe kein Hund. — I don’t have a dog.
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How do you negate “Sie kommt morgen”?
- A) Sie kommt morgen nicht
- B) Sie kommt morgen kein
- C) Sie kommt morgen nie
Answer
A) Sie kommt morgen nicht. — She is not coming tomorrow.
True / False
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“Ich habe kein Auto.” means “I have no car.” (True/False)
Answer
True — Correct translation.
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“Wir gehen nicht ins Kino.” means “We never go to the cinema.” (True/False)
Answer
False — Correct translation: “We are not going to the cinema.” Use nie for “never”.
Fill-in-the-Blank
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Ich trinke ______ Kaffee. (I don’t drink coffee.)
Answer
Ich trinke nicht Kaffee. — I don’t drink coffee.
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Er hat ______ Hund. (He doesn’t have a dog.)
Answer
Er hat keinen Hund. — He doesn’t have a dog.
Translation
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Translate: “Nobody is at home.”
Answer
Niemand ist zu Hause. — Nobody is at home.
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Translate: “I never eat fast food.”
Answer
Ich esse nie Fast Food. — I never eat fast food.
Notes
- Pay attention to the correct use of nicht and kein depending on the type of word being negated.
- Remember the word order rules for modal verbs and separable-prefix verbs when negating.
- Common expressions (nie, niemand, nichts, noch nie, nicht mehr) are essential for natural conversation.
📚 Summary & Key Points – Simple Negation in German
In this lesson, we have covered the main ways to express negation in German. Here’s a clear recap of all the key rules and tips you need to remember:
- “nicht” is used to negate verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and entire sentences.
- Position matters: typically comes before adjectives/adverbs or at the end of the sentence when negating verbs.
Example: Ich verstehe das nicht. → “I don’t understand that.”
- Position matters: typically comes before adjectives/adverbs or at the end of the sentence when negating verbs.
- “kein” negates nouns with indefinite articles or uncountable nouns. It is declined according to gender, case, and number.
Example: Ich habe keinen Hund. → “I don’t have a dog.” - Use “nicht” vs “kein” correctly:
- nicht negates specific statements, verbs, or adjectives.
- kein negates nouns with indefinite articles or quantities.
- With modal verbs, “nicht” usually comes after the modal verb and before the infinitive.
Example: Ich kann heute nicht kommen. → “I can’t come today.” - With separable-prefix verbs, “nicht” is placed before the separable prefix.
Example: Ich stehe nicht früh auf. → “I don’t get up early.” - In compound sentences, “nicht” follows the usual placement rules and may come at the end of subordinate clauses.
Example: Ich glaube, dass er heute nicht kommt. → “I think that he isn’t coming today.” - For negating questions, “nicht” and “kein” are used just like in statements, often at the end or before the noun/adjective.
Example: Kommst du nicht heute? → “Aren’t you coming today?” - Common negative expressions include niemand (nobody), nichts (nothing), nie (never), noch nie (never before), nicht mehr (no longer).
Example: Ich habe noch nie Sushi gegessen. → “I have never eaten sushi before.”
Keep practicing by forming sentences with “nicht” and “kein,” paying attention to word order and context. This will help you master German negation in both writing and speaking.