英语语法:助动词和介词
在英语中,助动词(auxiliary verbs)用于构建各种语法结构,如时态、否定句、疑问句或强调句。常见的基础助动词包括:
to be(是),to have(有)和 to do(做)。
此外,还有一类被称为情态助动词(modal auxiliaries)的词语,如:can, may, must, shall, will, would, should 等。它们用来表达能力、可能性、必要性或意愿等概念。
本课程的第二部分介绍了英语中常见的介词(prepositions)。介词用来表示词与词之间的关系,例如时间、位置、方向等。
英语中的三种基本助动词
英语语法中有三种基本助动词,它们也是不规则动词,因为它们在过去式和过去分词形式中并不遵循规则变化:
| 原形 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
中文含义 |
| be |
was / were |
been |
是 |
| have |
had |
had |
有 |
| do |
did |
/ |
中性助动词 |
这些助动词不仅可以单独作为动词使用(例如:I am happy.),也可以用作辅助其他动词,构造疑问句、否定句、完成时等结构。
在接下来的部分,我们将逐一讲解每个助动词的用法及其各种形式。
1. 助动词 “To Be” 的用法
🔹 肯定形式
完整形式(Long form)
| 主语 + be | 中文含义 |
| I am | 我是 |
| You are | 你是 |
| He is / She is / It is | 他 / 她 / 它 是 |
| We are | 我们是 |
| You are | 你们是 |
| They are | 他们是 |
缩写形式(Short form)
| 缩写 | 中文含义 |
| I'm | 我是 |
| You're | 你是 / 你们是 |
| He's / She's / It's | 他是 / 她是 / 它是 |
| We're | 我们是 |
| They're | 他们是 |
示例句(Examples)
| 英文 | 中文翻译 |
| I am young / I'm young. | 我很年轻。 |
| You are happy / You're happy. | 你很高兴。 |
| He is tall / He's tall. | 他很高。 |
🔹 否定形式
完整形式(Long form)
| 主语 + be + not | 中文含义 |
| I am not | 我不是 |
| You are not | 你不是 |
| He is not | 他不是 |
| We are not | 我们不是 |
| They are not | 他们不是 |
缩写形式(Short form)
| 缩写 | 中文含义 |
| I'm not | 我不是 |
| You aren't | 你不是 |
| He isn't | 他不是 |
| We aren't | 我们不是 |
| They aren't | 他们不是 |
示例句(Examples)
| 英文 | 中文翻译 |
| I am not tired / I'm not tired. | 我不累。 |
| You aren't ready. | 你还没准备好。 |
| He isn't at home. | 他不在家。 |
🔹 疑问形式
形式
| Be + 主语 | 中文含义 |
| Am I? | 我是...吗? |
| Are you? | 你是...吗? |
| Is he/she/it? | 他 / 她 / 它 是...吗? |
| Are we? | 我们是...吗? |
| Are they? | 他们是...吗? |
示例句(Examples)
| 英文 | 中文翻译 |
| Am I late? | 我迟到了吗? |
| Are you okay? | 你还好吗? |
| Is he ready? | 他准备好了吗? |
🔹 反问形式(否定疑问)
形式
| 否定 + 主语 | 中文含义 |
| Aren’t I? | 我不是...吗? |
| Isn’t he/she? | 他 / 她 不是...吗? |
| Aren’t we? | 我们不是...吗? |
示例句(Examples)
| 英文 | 中文翻译 |
| Aren’t I smart? | 我不聪明吗? |
| Isn’t she beautiful? | 她不漂亮吗? |
| Aren’t they here yet? | 他们还没到吗? |
2. 助动词 “To Have” 的用法
🔹 肯定形式
完整形式(Long form)
| 主语 + have / has | 中文含义 |
| I have | 我有 |
| You have | 你有 |
| He / She / It has | 他 / 她 / 它 有 |
| We have | 我们有 |
| They have | 他们有 |
缩写形式(Short form)
| 缩写 | 中文含义 |
| I've | 我有 |
| You've | 你有 |
| He's / She's / It's | 他 / 她 / 它 有 |
| We've | 我们有 |
| They've | 他们有 |
示例句(Examples)
| 英文 | 中文翻译 |
| I have a car / I've a car. | 我有一辆车。 |
| You have a dog / You've a dog. | 你有一只狗。 |
| He has a bike / He's a bike. | 他有一辆自行车。 |
🔹 否定形式
完整形式(Long form)
| 主语 + have/has + not | 中文含义 |
| I have not | 我没有 |
| You have not | 你没有 |
| He has not | 他没有 |
| We have not | 我们没有 |
| They have not | 他们没有 |
缩写形式(Short form)
| 缩写 | 中文含义 |
| I haven't | 我没有 |
| You haven't | 你没有 |
| He hasn't | 他没有 |
| We haven't | 我们没有 |
| They haven't | 他们没有 |
示例句(Examples)
| 英文 | 中文翻译 |
| I haven't a car. | 我没有车。 |
| You haven't a dog. | 你没有狗。 |
| He hasn't a bike. | 他没有自行车。 |
🔹 疑问形式
形式
| Have / Has + 主语 | 中文含义 |
| Have I? | 我有...吗? |
| Have you? | 你有...吗? |
| Has he / she? | 他 / 她 有...吗? |
| Have we? | 我们有...吗? |
| Have they? | 他们有...吗? |
示例句(Examples)
| 英文 | 中文翻译 |
| Have I a dog? | 我有一只狗吗? |
| Have you a car? | 你有一辆车吗? |
| Has he a bike? | 他有自行车吗? |
🔹 否定疑问形式(反问形式)
形式
| Haven't / Hasn't + 主语 | 中文含义 |
| Haven't I? | 我不是有...吗? |
| Hasn't he? | 他不是有...吗? |
| Haven't we? | 我们不是有...吗? |
示例句(Examples)
| 英文 | 中文翻译 |
| Haven't I a bike? | 我不是有一辆自行车吗? |
| Hasn't he a dog? | 他不是有一只狗吗? |
3. 助动词 “To Do” 的用法
动词 to do 可以作为实义动词表示“做”,也可以作为中性助动词(没有实际含义)用于构造否定句、疑问句和否定疑问句。
例如,句子 You eat some bread.(你吃一些面包)中没有任何助动词。
要将其变为否定或疑问形式,就必须引入助动词 do:
常见用法(Examples with “to eat”)
| 形式 | 例句 | 中文翻译 |
| 否定形式 |
You do not eat any bread. |
你不吃任何面包。 |
| 疑问形式 |
Do you eat some bread? |
你吃一些面包吗? |
| 否定疑问 |
Do you not eat any bread? |
你不吃面包吗? |
注意:不要混淆 do 作为助动词与 do 作为实义动词 “做” 的用法。
当 “do” 既是助动词又是实义动词时:
句子:I do something new every day.(我每天做一些新事情)
| 形式 | 例句 | 中文翻译 |
| 否定形式 |
I do not do something new every day. |
我并不是每天都做新事物。 |
| 疑问形式 |
Do I do something new every day? |
我每天都做新事物吗? |
| 否定疑问 |
Do I not do something new every day? |
我不是每天都做新事物吗? |
动词变化表
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 中文含义 |
| do |
did |
/ |
中性助动词 |
| do |
did |
done |
做(实义动词) |
📘 助动词:练习题
完成以下句子并验证你的答案。请注意动词形式和主语的一致性。
1. To Be 的用法
-
I ___ ready to go.
显示答案
am → I am ready to go.(我准备好了)
-
She ___ not tired today.
显示答案
is → She is not tired today.(她今天不累)
-
___ you at home now?
显示答案
Are → Are you at home now?(你现在在家吗?)
-
___ he not your brother?
显示答案
Isn't → Isn't he your brother?(他不是你兄弟吗?)
-
They ___ in the classroom.
显示答案
are → They are in the classroom.(他们在教室里)
2. To Have 的用法
-
I ___ a question.
显示答案
have → I have a question.(我有一个问题)
-
He ___ not any money.
显示答案
has → He has not any money.(他没有钱)
-
___ they a car?
显示答案
Have → Have they a car?(他们有车吗?)
-
___ she not a phone?
显示答案
Hasn't → Hasn't she a phone?(她没有电话吗?)
-
You ___ a new friend.
显示答案
have → You have a new friend.(你有个新朋友)
3. To Do 的用法(作为中性助动词)
-
You ___ not like pizza.
显示答案
do → You do not like pizza.(你不喜欢披萨)
-
___ she speak French?
显示答案
Does → Does she speak French?(她会说法语吗?)
-
___ they not live here?
显示答案
Do → Do they not live here?(他们不是住在这里吗?)
-
I ___ my homework every day.
显示答案
do → I do my homework every day.(我每天做作业)
-
___ we do it together?
显示答案
Do → Do we do it together?(我们一起做吗?)
4. 英语常见介词解释
介词(Prepositions)用于连接名词、代词或短语,并表示与其他词之间的位置、方向、时间、方式等关系。以下是最常用的英语介词及其中文含义和示例。
About
含义: 关于,附近,大约,在周围
| Tell me about your friend. | 告诉我关于你朋友的事情。 |
| We were about 10 and now we are 2. | 我们原来大约有10个人,现在只剩2个。 |
| There is someone about. | 附近有一个人。 |
Above
含义: 在...之上,高于,以上
| The creator is above everything. | 造物主高于一切。 |
| He has a perfect view from above. | 他从上方看到完美的景色。 |
| Take note of the address as above. | 请记下上方的地址。 |
Across
含义: 横过,穿过,在...对面
| My teacher lives across from me. | 我老师住在我对面。 |
| There is a bridge across the river. | 河上有一座桥。 |
| We swam across the lake. | 我们游过了湖。 |
After
含义: 在...之后,后面
| After lunch, we went home. | 午饭后我们回家了。 |
| After all I did, you left me. | 在我做了这一切之后,你却离开了我。 |
| After that, everything changed. | 那之后,一切都变了。 |
Against
含义: 反对,靠着,违背
| I am against the idea. | 我反对这个想法。 |
| You did it against my will. | 你违背了我的意愿去做了。 |
| I hit my head against the wall. | 我把头撞到了墙上。 |
Along
含义: 沿着,顺着
| The plane flies along the highway. | 飞机沿着高速公路飞行。 |
| I walk along the beach with my friend. | 我和朋友一起沿着海滩散步。 |
| All along my life I worked hard. | 我一生都很努力工作。 |
Around
含义: 周围,大约,在附近
| The police are around 12 miles away. | 警察在大约12英里外。 |
| I have seen your sister around. | 我在附近见过你姐姐。 |
| We sat around the fire. | 我们围着火坐下。 |
As
含义: 作为,像,作为…身份,因为
| I work as a teacher. | 我作为一名教师工作。 |
| You behave as a leader. | 你表现得像个领导。 |
| As we are here, let’s begin. | 既然我们在这儿,那就开始吧。 |
At
含义: 在(地点/时间),向,对
| I am at home. | 我在家。 |
| You are good at English. | 你擅长英语。 |
| She is angry at me. | 她对我生气。 |
Before
含义: 在…之前,在…面前,早于
| I must be home before my father. | 我必须在我父亲之前回家。 |
| The guards are before the door. | 守卫站在门前。 |
| He is not the same as before. | 他和以前不一样了。 |
Behind
含义: 在...后面,落后于
| Your ball is behind my bag. | 你的球在我的包后面。 |
| I am behind the others. | 我落后于其他人。 |
| The sun disappeared behind the mountains. | 太阳消失在山后。 |
Below
含义: 在...之下,低于
| They are below my rank. | 他们的等级低于我。 |
| There is a mouse below the bed. | 床下有只老鼠。 |
| Below, you can see the river. | 在下面,你可以看到那条河。 |
Beneath
含义: 在...下方,不配
| I am in the house beneath the bridge. | 我在桥下的房子里。 |
| Your apartment is beneath mine. | 你的公寓在我楼下。 |
| That comment is beneath you. | 那个评论不配你回应。 |
Beside
含义: 在...旁边,靠近
| She sits down beside me. | 她坐在我旁边。 |
| Everyone stood beside the main gate. | 大家站在大门旁边。 |
| That is beside the point. | 那与重点无关。 |
Besides
含义: 除了...以外,还有
| She speaks many languages besides English. | 除了英语,她还会说很多语言。 |
| I can’t trust anybody besides my mother. | 除了我妈妈,我不信任任何人。 |
| Besides the rain, it was cold too. | 除了下雨,还很冷。 |
Between
含义: 在...之间
| She sits between the wall and the table. | 她坐在墙和桌子之间。 |
| There is a secret between us. | 我们之间有个秘密。 |
| The fight is between two countries. | 那场战争是在两个国家之间。 |
Beyond
含义: 超出,超过,在...之外
| There is nothing beyond life. | 生命之外什么也没有。 |
| This task is beyond my strength. | 这个任务超出了我的能力。 |
| Don't go beyond this point. | 不要走到这个点以外。 |
But
含义: 除了,除非(当作介词)
| Everybody came but me. | 除了我,大家都来了。 |
| No one passed but John. | 除了约翰,没人通过。 |
| I like all fruits but bananas. | 我喜欢所有水果,除了香蕉。 |
By
含义: 通过,被,靠近,时间前
| She sits by me. | 她坐在我旁边。 |
| This book is written by him. | 这本书是他写的。 |
| I will do it by tomorrow. | 我会在明天之前完成它。 |
Close to
含义: 靠近,亲近
| Your house is close to the station. | 你家离车站很近。 |
| She is close to her mother. | 她和妈妈很亲密。 |
| We live close to the park. | 我们住在公园附近。 |
Down
含义: 向下,在下方,倒下
| Down with enemies! | 打倒敌人! |
| The mango has fallen down. | 芒果掉下来了。 |
| Stay down for your safety. | 为了安全请趴下。 |
During
含义: 在...期间
| During the strike, workers stayed home. | 罢工期间,工人们都待在家里。 |
| During the war, many lives were lost. | 战争期间,许多生命消失了。 |
| I met her during the holidays. | 我在假期认识了她。 |
For
含义: 为了,给,持续,代表,因为
| This gift is for you. | 这个礼物是给你的。 |
| They waited for 2 hours. | 他们等了两个小时。 |
| I don’t like him for he is rude. | 我不喜欢他,因为他很粗鲁。 |
From
含义: 来自,从…起
| I am from China. | 我来自中国。 |
| I gave you money from my pocket. | 我从口袋里掏出钱给你。 |
| My house is 5 miles from here. | 我家离这里5英里。 |
From...to
含义: 从...到...
| I work from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. | 我从早上9点工作到下午5点。 |
| I go to school from Monday to Friday. | 我从星期一到星期五去学校。 |
| From Tokyo to Osaka, people speak Japanese. | 从东京到大阪,人们都说日语。 |
In
含义: 在...里面,在...时间里,在...范围内
| I walk in the street. | 我走在街上。 |
| People wear suits in England. | 在英格兰,人们穿西装。 |
| I will travel in 2025. | 我将在2025年旅行。 |
Inside
含义: 在...内部,里面
| There’s a meeting inside the room. | 房间里有一个会议。 |
| Come inside! | 进来吧! |
| He finished the job inside two hours. | 他在两小时内完成了这项工作。 |
Into
含义: 进入...之中,转化为
| My bread fell into the water. | 我的面包掉进水里了。 |
| He puts clothes into the machine. | 他把衣服放进洗衣机。 |
| I translated the text into Chinese. | 我把这篇文章翻译成中文。 |
Like
含义: 像,如同
| You are like your father. | 你像你的父亲。 |
| She speaks like an American. | 她说话像个美国人。 |
| He runs like a tiger. | 他跑得像老虎一样快。 |
Near
含义: 靠近,接近
| You live near your friend. | 你住在你朋友附近。 |
| I wait near the station. | 我在车站附近等你。 |
| The school is near my house. | 学校离我家很近。 |
Of
含义: 属于,由...组成,关于
| The school of my sister is far away. | 我妹妹的学校很远。 |
| Many people die of hunger. | 很多人死于饥饿。 |
| The table is made of wood. | 这张桌子是木头做的。 |
Off
含义: 从...下来,离开,远离
| He fell off the bike. | 他从自行车上摔下来。 |
| I bought a house off the beach. | 我买了一间靠海的房子。 |
| The enemy ship is off the coast. | 敌舰在海岸附近。 |
On
含义: 在...上,关于,依靠
| The book is on the table. | 书在桌子上。 |
| I was born on Monday. | 我出生在星期一。 |
| He is the first on 50. | 他在50人中排第一。 |
Onto
含义: 到...之上
| The cat jumped onto the bed. | 猫跳上了床。 |
| Put the box onto the shelf. | 把盒子放到架子上。 |
| The ball rolled onto the road. | 球滚到了马路上。 |
Opposite
含义: 在...对面,相反
| My house is opposite the park. | 我家在公园对面。 |
| This is the opposite of truth. | 这是事实的相反。 |
| He lives opposite my office. | 他住在我办公室对面。 |
Out
含义: 出去,外出
| I am out for lunch. | 我出去吃午饭了。 |
| The lights went out suddenly. | 灯突然灭了。 |
| They are out to eat. | 他们外出吃饭了。 |
Outside
含义: 在外面,室外
| He works outside the city. | 他在城市外工作。 |
| Don't go outside at midnight. | 不要在半夜出去。 |
| The kids are playing outside. | 孩子们在外面玩。 |
Over
含义: 在...之上,多于,超过,关于
| The plane flies over the city. | 飞机飞过城市上空。 |
| I cried over the years we lost. | 我为我们失去的岁月哭泣。 |
| The coat is over the shirt. | 外套在衬衣上。 |
Through
含义: 穿过,通过,经历
| We walked through the forest. | 我们穿过森林。 |
| I saw him through the window. | 我透过窗户看见了他。 |
| I lived here through summer. | 我整个夏天都住在这里。 |
Throughout
含义: 贯穿,遍及,整个期间
| Throughout the year, he worked hard. | 整年他都很努力。 |
| There was silence throughout the house. | 整栋房子里都很安静。 |
| He is famous throughout the world. | 他在全世界都很有名。 |
To
含义: 到,向,给
| I go to school every day. | 我每天去学校。 |
| This is a gift to you. | 这是送给你的礼物。 |
| We are going to the store. | 我们正要去商店。 |
Toward(s)
含义: 朝,向,对…(态度)
| Come toward me. | 朝我走来。 |
| We are heading towards success. | 我们正迈向成功。 |
| Her behavior toward her mother is good. | 她对妈妈的态度很好。 |
Under
含义: 在...下面,少于
| The keys are under the pillow. | 钥匙在枕头下。 |
| Children under 12 can’t enter. | 12岁以下儿童不得入内。 |
| We are under the bridge. | 我们在桥下。 |
Underneath
含义: 在...下方,隐藏
| Hide under the bed. | 藏在床下。 |
| The cat is underneath the table. | 猫在桌子下面。 |
| He found a note underneath the box. | 他在盒子下发现了一张纸条。 |
Until
含义: 直到…为止
| I will wait until you arrive. | 我会一直等你到来。 |
| We stayed until midnight. | 我们一直待到午夜。 |
| Until he spoke, no one knew. | 直到他说出来,没人知道。 |
Up
含义: 向上,在上面
| The cat is up the tree. | 猫在树上。 |
| The balloon went up. | 气球飞上去了。 |
| My house is up the hill. | 我家在山上。 |
With
含义: 和…一起,带着,关于
| I am with you. | 我与你同在。 |
| I lived with my friends. | 我和朋友们住在一起。 |
| He was shaking with fear. | 他吓得发抖。 |
Within
含义: 在...之内,不超过
| I will return within two days. | 我两天内会回来。 |
| The treasure is hidden within the walls. | 宝藏藏在墙内。 |
| You must finish it within an hour. | 你必须在一小时内完成。 |
Without
含义: 没有,缺乏
| She goes to school without her bag. | 她上学没带书包。 |
| Without money, we can’t eat. | 没有钱,我们吃不了饭。 |
| An angel can’t fly without wings. | 天使没有翅膀无法飞翔。 |
区别:At 与 To
At 表示位置、时间、技能。
To 表示方向、目的、动作发生的对象或不定式。
| 句子 | 中文翻译 |
| I am at home. | 我在家。 |
| I go to school. | 我去学校。 |
| I speak to my teacher. | 我对老师说话。 |
| I’m good at English. | 我擅长英语。 |
区别:From 与 Of
From 表示来源、距离、原料。
Of 表示所属、原因、组成。
| 句子 | 中文翻译 |
| I am from Beijing. | 我来自北京。 |
| The son of my aunt is sick. | 我姨妈的儿子生病了。 |
| The chair is made from wood. | 椅子是用木头做的(强调过程)。 |
| The table is made of wood. | 桌子是木头做的(强调材料)。 |
区别:On 与 Onto
On 表示“在...上”,强调位置。
Onto 表示“到...上”,强调动作。
| 句子 | 中文翻译 |
| The book is on the table. | 书在桌子上。 |
| I jumped onto the chair. | 我跳上了椅子。 |
📘 介词练习题
选择适当的介词完成句子:
-
The book is ___ the table.
查看答案
on → The book is on the table.(书在桌子上。)
-
He comes ___ China.
查看答案
from → He comes from China.(他来自中国。)
-
I will wait here ___ you return.
查看答案
until → I will wait here until you return.(我会一直等你回来。)
-
She sat ___ me during the class.
查看答案
beside → She sat beside me.(上课时她坐在我旁边。)
-
He jumped ___ the pool.
查看答案
into → He jumped into the pool.(他跳进了泳池。)
📘 高级介词练习题
用正确的介词(如:over, under, between, among, throughout 等)填空:
-
There are dangers ___ the world.
查看答案
throughout → There are dangers throughout the world.(全世界都有危险。)
-
The cat is hiding ___ the couch.
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under → The cat is hiding under the couch.(猫藏在沙发下面。)
-
Share this ___ the group.
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among → Share this among the group.(把这个在群体中分享。)
-
He walked slowly ___ the crowd.
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through → He walked slowly through the crowd.(他缓慢地穿过人群。)
-
I stayed here ___ 2020 to 2023.
查看答案
from and to → I stayed here from 2020 to 2023.(我从2020年待到2023年。)