英语语法:助动词和介词

在英语中,助动词(auxiliary verbs)用于构建各种语法结构,如时态、否定句、疑问句或强调句。常见的基础助动词包括: to be(是),to have(有)和 to do(做)。

此外,还有一类被称为情态助动词(modal auxiliaries)的词语,如:can, may, must, shall, will, would, should 等。它们用来表达能力、可能性、必要性或意愿等概念。

本课程的第二部分介绍了英语中常见的介词(prepositions)。介词用来表示词与词之间的关系,例如时间、位置、方向等。

英语中的三种基本助动词

英语语法中有三种基本助动词,它们也是不规则动词,因为它们在过去式和过去分词形式中并不遵循规则变化:

原形 过去式 过去分词 中文含义
be was / were been 是
have had had 有
do did / 中性助动词

这些助动词不仅可以单独作为动词使用(例如:I am happy.),也可以用作辅助其他动词,构造疑问句、否定句、完成时等结构。

在接下来的部分,我们将逐一讲解每个助动词的用法及其各种形式。

1. 助动词 “To Be” 的用法

🔹 肯定形式

完整形式(Long form)

主语 + be中文含义
I am我是
You are你是
He is / She is / It is他 / 她 / 它 是
We are我们是
You are你们是
They are他们是

缩写形式(Short form)

缩写中文含义
I'm我是
You're你是 / 你们是
He's / She's / It's他是 / 她是 / 它是
We're我们是
They're他们是

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
I am young / I'm young.我很年轻。
You are happy / You're happy.你很高兴。
He is tall / He's tall.他很高。

🔹 否定形式

完整形式(Long form)

主语 + be + not中文含义
I am not我不是
You are not你不是
He is not他不是
We are not我们不是
They are not他们不是

缩写形式(Short form)

缩写中文含义
I'm not我不是
You aren't你不是
He isn't他不是
We aren't我们不是
They aren't他们不是

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
I am not tired / I'm not tired.我不累。
You aren't ready.你还没准备好。
He isn't at home.他不在家。

🔹 疑问形式

形式

Be + 主语中文含义
Am I?我是...吗?
Are you?你是...吗?
Is he/she/it?他 / 她 / 它 是...吗?
Are we?我们是...吗?
Are they?他们是...吗?

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
Am I late?我迟到了吗?
Are you okay?你还好吗?
Is he ready?他准备好了吗?

🔹 反问形式(否定疑问)

形式

否定 + 主语中文含义
Aren’t I?我不是...吗?
Isn’t he/she?他 / 她 不是...吗?
Aren’t we?我们不是...吗?

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
Aren’t I smart?我不聪明吗?
Isn’t she beautiful?她不漂亮吗?
Aren’t they here yet?他们还没到吗?

2. 助动词 “To Have” 的用法

🔹 肯定形式

完整形式(Long form)

主语 + have / has中文含义
I have我有
You have你有
He / She / It has他 / 她 / 它 有
We have我们有
They have他们有

缩写形式(Short form)

缩写中文含义
I've我有
You've你有
He's / She's / It's他 / 她 / 它 有
We've我们有
They've他们有

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
I have a car / I've a car.我有一辆车。
You have a dog / You've a dog.你有一只狗。
He has a bike / He's a bike.他有一辆自行车。

🔹 否定形式

完整形式(Long form)

主语 + have/has + not中文含义
I have not我没有
You have not你没有
He has not他没有
We have not我们没有
They have not他们没有

缩写形式(Short form)

缩写中文含义
I haven't我没有
You haven't你没有
He hasn't他没有
We haven't我们没有
They haven't他们没有

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
I haven't a car.我没有车。
You haven't a dog.你没有狗。
He hasn't a bike.他没有自行车。

🔹 疑问形式

形式

Have / Has + 主语中文含义
Have I?我有...吗?
Have you?你有...吗?
Has he / she?他 / 她 有...吗?
Have we?我们有...吗?
Have they?他们有...吗?

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
Have I a dog?我有一只狗吗?
Have you a car?你有一辆车吗?
Has he a bike?他有自行车吗?

🔹 否定疑问形式(反问形式)

形式

Haven't / Hasn't + 主语中文含义
Haven't I?我不是有...吗?
Hasn't he?他不是有...吗?
Haven't we?我们不是有...吗?

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
Haven't I a bike?我不是有一辆自行车吗?
Hasn't he a dog?他不是有一只狗吗?

3. 助动词 “To Do” 的用法

动词 to do 可以作为实义动词表示“做”,也可以作为中性助动词(没有实际含义)用于构造否定句、疑问句和否定疑问句。

例如,句子 You eat some bread.(你吃一些面包)中没有任何助动词。 要将其变为否定或疑问形式,就必须引入助动词 do:

常见用法(Examples with “to eat”)

形式例句中文翻译
否定形式 You do not eat any bread. 你不吃任何面包。
疑问形式 Do you eat some bread? 你吃一些面包吗?
否定疑问 Do you not eat any bread? 你不吃面包吗?

注意:不要混淆 do 作为助动词与 do 作为实义动词 “做” 的用法。

当 “do” 既是助动词又是实义动词时:

句子:I do something new every day.(我每天做一些新事情)

形式例句中文翻译
否定形式 I do not do something new every day. 我并不是每天都做新事物。
疑问形式 Do I do something new every day? 我每天都做新事物吗?
否定疑问 Do I not do something new every day? 我不是每天都做新事物吗?

动词变化表

原形过去式过去分词中文含义
do did / 中性助动词
do did done 做(实义动词)

📘 助动词:练习题

完成以下句子并验证你的答案。请注意动词形式和主语的一致性。

1. To Be 的用法

  1. I ___ ready to go.
    显示答案am → I am ready to go.(我准备好了)
  2. She ___ not tired today.
    显示答案is → She is not tired today.(她今天不累)
  3. ___ you at home now?
    显示答案Are → Are you at home now?(你现在在家吗?)
  4. ___ he not your brother?
    显示答案Isn't → Isn't he your brother?(他不是你兄弟吗?)
  5. They ___ in the classroom.
    显示答案are → They are in the classroom.(他们在教室里)

2. To Have 的用法

  1. I ___ a question.
    显示答案have → I have a question.(我有一个问题)
  2. He ___ not any money.
    显示答案has → He has not any money.(他没有钱)
  3. ___ they a car?
    显示答案Have → Have they a car?(他们有车吗?)
  4. ___ she not a phone?
    显示答案Hasn't → Hasn't she a phone?(她没有电话吗?)
  5. You ___ a new friend.
    显示答案have → You have a new friend.(你有个新朋友)

3. To Do 的用法(作为中性助动词)

  1. You ___ not like pizza.
    显示答案do → You do not like pizza.(你不喜欢披萨)
  2. ___ she speak French?
    显示答案Does → Does she speak French?(她会说法语吗?)
  3. ___ they not live here?
    显示答案Do → Do they not live here?(他们不是住在这里吗?)
  4. I ___ my homework every day.
    显示答案do → I do my homework every day.(我每天做作业)
  5. ___ we do it together?
    显示答案Do → Do we do it together?(我们一起做吗?)

4. 英语常见介词解释

介词(Prepositions)用于连接名词、代词或短语,并表示与其他词之间的位置、方向、时间、方式等关系。以下是最常用的英语介词及其中文含义和示例。

About

含义: 关于,附近,大约,在周围

Tell me about your friend.告诉我关于你朋友的事情。
We were about 10 and now we are 2.我们原来大约有10个人,现在只剩2个。
There is someone about.附近有一个人。

Above

含义: 在...之上,高于,以上

The creator is above everything.造物主高于一切。
He has a perfect view from above.他从上方看到完美的景色。
Take note of the address as above.请记下上方的地址。

Across

含义: 横过,穿过,在...对面

My teacher lives across from me.我老师住在我对面。
There is a bridge across the river.河上有一座桥。
We swam across the lake.我们游过了湖。

After

含义: 在...之后,后面

After lunch, we went home.午饭后我们回家了。
After all I did, you left me.在我做了这一切之后,你却离开了我。
After that, everything changed.那之后,一切都变了。

Against

含义: 反对,靠着,违背

I am against the idea.我反对这个想法。
You did it against my will.你违背了我的意愿去做了。
I hit my head against the wall.我把头撞到了墙上。

Along

含义: 沿着,顺着

The plane flies along the highway.飞机沿着高速公路飞行。
I walk along the beach with my friend.我和朋友一起沿着海滩散步。
All along my life I worked hard.我一生都很努力工作。

Around

含义: 周围,大约,在附近

The police are around 12 miles away.警察在大约12英里外。
I have seen your sister around.我在附近见过你姐姐。
We sat around the fire.我们围着火坐下。

As

含义: 作为,像,作为…身份,因为

I work as a teacher.我作为一名教师工作。
You behave as a leader.你表现得像个领导。
As we are here, let’s begin.既然我们在这儿,那就开始吧。

At

含义: 在(地点/时间),向,对

I am at home.我在家。
You are good at English.你擅长英语。
She is angry at me.她对我生气。

Before

含义: 在…之前,在…面前,早于

I must be home before my father.我必须在我父亲之前回家。
The guards are before the door.守卫站在门前。
He is not the same as before.他和以前不一样了。

Behind

含义: 在...后面,落后于

Your ball is behind my bag.你的球在我的包后面。
I am behind the others.我落后于其他人。
The sun disappeared behind the mountains.太阳消失在山后。

Below

含义: 在...之下,低于

They are below my rank.他们的等级低于我。
There is a mouse below the bed.床下有只老鼠。
Below, you can see the river.在下面,你可以看到那条河。

Beneath

含义: 在...下方,不配

I am in the house beneath the bridge.我在桥下的房子里。
Your apartment is beneath mine.你的公寓在我楼下。
That comment is beneath you.那个评论不配你回应。

Beside

含义: 在...旁边,靠近

She sits down beside me.她坐在我旁边。
Everyone stood beside the main gate.大家站在大门旁边。
That is beside the point.那与重点无关。

Besides

含义: 除了...以外,还有

She speaks many languages besides English.除了英语,她还会说很多语言。
I can’t trust anybody besides my mother.除了我妈妈,我不信任任何人。
Besides the rain, it was cold too.除了下雨,还很冷。

Between

含义: 在...之间

She sits between the wall and the table.她坐在墙和桌子之间。
There is a secret between us.我们之间有个秘密。
The fight is between two countries.那场战争是在两个国家之间。

Beyond

含义: 超出,超过,在...之外

There is nothing beyond life.生命之外什么也没有。
This task is beyond my strength.这个任务超出了我的能力。
Don't go beyond this point.不要走到这个点以外。

But

含义: 除了,除非(当作介词)

Everybody came but me.除了我,大家都来了。
No one passed but John.除了约翰,没人通过。
I like all fruits but bananas.我喜欢所有水果,除了香蕉。

By

含义: 通过,被,靠近,时间前

She sits by me.她坐在我旁边。
This book is written by him.这本书是他写的。
I will do it by tomorrow.我会在明天之前完成它。

Close to

含义: 靠近,亲近

Your house is close to the station.你家离车站很近。
She is close to her mother.她和妈妈很亲密。
We live close to the park.我们住在公园附近。

Down

含义: 向下,在下方,倒下

Down with enemies!打倒敌人!
The mango has fallen down.芒果掉下来了。
Stay down for your safety.为了安全请趴下。

During

含义: 在...期间

During the strike, workers stayed home.罢工期间,工人们都待在家里。
During the war, many lives were lost.战争期间,许多生命消失了。
I met her during the holidays.我在假期认识了她。

For

含义: 为了,给,持续,代表,因为

This gift is for you.这个礼物是给你的。
They waited for 2 hours.他们等了两个小时。
I don’t like him for he is rude.我不喜欢他,因为他很粗鲁。

From

含义: 来自,从…起

I am from China.我来自中国。
I gave you money from my pocket.我从口袋里掏出钱给你。
My house is 5 miles from here.我家离这里5英里。

From...to

含义: 从...到...

I work from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.我从早上9点工作到下午5点。
I go to school from Monday to Friday.我从星期一到星期五去学校。
From Tokyo to Osaka, people speak Japanese.从东京到大阪,人们都说日语。

In

含义: 在...里面,在...时间里,在...范围内

I walk in the street.我走在街上。
People wear suits in England.在英格兰,人们穿西装。
I will travel in 2025.我将在2025年旅行。

Inside

含义: 在...内部,里面

There’s a meeting inside the room.房间里有一个会议。
Come inside!进来吧!
He finished the job inside two hours.他在两小时内完成了这项工作。

Into

含义: 进入...之中,转化为

My bread fell into the water.我的面包掉进水里了。
He puts clothes into the machine.他把衣服放进洗衣机。
I translated the text into Chinese.我把这篇文章翻译成中文。

Like

含义: 像,如同

You are like your father.你像你的父亲。
She speaks like an American.她说话像个美国人。
He runs like a tiger.他跑得像老虎一样快。

Near

含义: 靠近,接近

You live near your friend.你住在你朋友附近。
I wait near the station.我在车站附近等你。
The school is near my house.学校离我家很近。

Of

含义: 属于,由...组成,关于

The school of my sister is far away.我妹妹的学校很远。
Many people die of hunger.很多人死于饥饿。
The table is made of wood.这张桌子是木头做的。

Off

含义: 从...下来,离开,远离

He fell off the bike.他从自行车上摔下来。
I bought a house off the beach.我买了一间靠海的房子。
The enemy ship is off the coast.敌舰在海岸附近。

On

含义: 在...上,关于,依靠

The book is on the table.书在桌子上。
I was born on Monday.我出生在星期一。
He is the first on 50.他在50人中排第一。

Onto

含义: 到...之上

The cat jumped onto the bed.猫跳上了床。
Put the box onto the shelf.把盒子放到架子上。
The ball rolled onto the road.球滚到了马路上。

Opposite

含义: 在...对面,相反

My house is opposite the park.我家在公园对面。
This is the opposite of truth.这是事实的相反。
He lives opposite my office.他住在我办公室对面。

Out

含义: 出去,外出

I am out for lunch.我出去吃午饭了。
The lights went out suddenly.灯突然灭了。
They are out to eat.他们外出吃饭了。

Outside

含义: 在外面,室外

He works outside the city.他在城市外工作。
Don't go outside at midnight.不要在半夜出去。
The kids are playing outside.孩子们在外面玩。

Over

含义: 在...之上,多于,超过,关于

The plane flies over the city.飞机飞过城市上空。
I cried over the years we lost.我为我们失去的岁月哭泣。
The coat is over the shirt.外套在衬衣上。

Through

含义: 穿过,通过,经历

We walked through the forest.我们穿过森林。
I saw him through the window.我透过窗户看见了他。
I lived here through summer.我整个夏天都住在这里。

Throughout

含义: 贯穿,遍及,整个期间

Throughout the year, he worked hard.整年他都很努力。
There was silence throughout the house.整栋房子里都很安静。
He is famous throughout the world.他在全世界都很有名。

To

含义: 到,向,给

I go to school every day.我每天去学校。
This is a gift to you.这是送给你的礼物。
We are going to the store.我们正要去商店。

Toward(s)

含义: 朝,向,对…(态度)

Come toward me.朝我走来。
We are heading towards success.我们正迈向成功。
Her behavior toward her mother is good.她对妈妈的态度很好。

Under

含义: 在...下面,少于

The keys are under the pillow.钥匙在枕头下。
Children under 12 can’t enter.12岁以下儿童不得入内。
We are under the bridge.我们在桥下。

Underneath

含义: 在...下方,隐藏

Hide under the bed.藏在床下。
The cat is underneath the table.猫在桌子下面。
He found a note underneath the box.他在盒子下发现了一张纸条。

Until

含义: 直到…为止

I will wait until you arrive.我会一直等你到来。
We stayed until midnight.我们一直待到午夜。
Until he spoke, no one knew.直到他说出来,没人知道。

Up

含义: 向上,在上面

The cat is up the tree.猫在树上。
The balloon went up.气球飞上去了。
My house is up the hill.我家在山上。

With

含义: 和…一起,带着,关于

I am with you.我与你同在。
I lived with my friends.我和朋友们住在一起。
He was shaking with fear.他吓得发抖。

Within

含义: 在...之内,不超过

I will return within two days.我两天内会回来。
The treasure is hidden within the walls.宝藏藏在墙内。
You must finish it within an hour.你必须在一小时内完成。

Without

含义: 没有,缺乏

She goes to school without her bag.她上学没带书包。
Without money, we can’t eat.没有钱,我们吃不了饭。
An angel can’t fly without wings.天使没有翅膀无法飞翔。

区别:At 与 To

At 表示位置、时间、技能。

To 表示方向、目的、动作发生的对象或不定式。

句子中文翻译
I am at home.我在家。
I go to school.我去学校。
I speak to my teacher.我对老师说话。
I’m good at English.我擅长英语。

区别:From 与 Of

From 表示来源、距离、原料。

Of 表示所属、原因、组成。

句子中文翻译
I am from Beijing.我来自北京。
The son of my aunt is sick.我姨妈的儿子生病了。
The chair is made from wood.椅子是用木头做的(强调过程)。
The table is made of wood.桌子是木头做的(强调材料)。

区别:On 与 Onto

On 表示“在...上”,强调位置。

Onto 表示“到...上”,强调动作。

句子中文翻译
The book is on the table.书在桌子上。
I jumped onto the chair.我跳上了椅子。

📘 介词练习题

选择适当的介词完成句子:

  1. The book is ___ the table.
    查看答案on → The book is on the table.(书在桌子上。)
  2. He comes ___ China.
    查看答案from → He comes from China.(他来自中国。)
  3. I will wait here ___ you return.
    查看答案until → I will wait here until you return.(我会一直等你回来。)
  4. She sat ___ me during the class.
    查看答案beside → She sat beside me.(上课时她坐在我旁边。)
  5. He jumped ___ the pool.
    查看答案into → He jumped into the pool.(他跳进了泳池。)

📘 高级介词练习题

用正确的介词(如:over, under, between, among, throughout 等)填空:

  1. There are dangers ___ the world.
    查看答案throughout → There are dangers throughout the world.(全世界都有危险。)
  2. The cat is hiding ___ the couch.
    查看答案under → The cat is hiding under the couch.(猫藏在沙发下面。)
  3. Share this ___ the group.
    查看答案among → Share this among the group.(把这个在群体中分享。)
  4. He walked slowly ___ the crowd.
    查看答案through → He walked slowly through the crowd.(他缓慢地穿过人群。)
  5. I stayed here ___ 2020 to 2023.
    查看答案from and to → I stayed here from 2020 to 2023.(我从2020年待到2023年。)