英语语法:助动词和介词

在英语中,助动词(auxiliary verbs)用于构建各种语法结构,如时态、否定句、疑问句或强调句。常见的基础助动词包括: to be(是),to have(有)和 to do(做)。

此外,还有一类被称为情态助动词(modal auxiliaries)的词语,如:can, may, must, shall, will, would, should 等。它们用来表达能力、可能性、必要性或意愿等概念。

本课程的第二部分介绍了英语中常见的介词(prepositions)。介词用来表示词与词之间的关系,例如时间、位置、方向等。

英语中的三种基本助动词

英语语法中有三种基本助动词,它们也是不规则动词,因为它们在过去式和过去分词形式中并不遵循规则变化:

原形 过去式 过去分词 中文含义
be was / were been
have had had
do did / 中性助动词

这些助动词不仅可以单独作为动词使用(例如:I am happy.),也可以用作辅助其他动词,构造疑问句、否定句、完成时等结构。

在接下来的部分,我们将逐一讲解每个助动词的用法及其各种形式。

1. 助动词 “To Be” 的用法

🔹 肯定形式

完整形式(Long form)

主语 + be中文含义
I am我是
You are你是
He is / She is / It is他 / 她 / 它 是
We are我们是
You are你们是
They are他们是

缩写形式(Short form)

缩写中文含义
I'm我是
You're你是 / 你们是
He's / She's / It's他是 / 她是 / 它是
We're我们是
They're他们是

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
I am young / I'm young.我很年轻。
You are happy / You're happy.你很高兴。
He is tall / He's tall.他很高。

🔹 否定形式

完整形式(Long form)

主语 + be + not中文含义
I am not我不是
You are not你不是
He is not他不是
We are not我们不是
They are not他们不是

缩写形式(Short form)

缩写中文含义
I'm not我不是
You aren't你不是
He isn't他不是
We aren't我们不是
They aren't他们不是

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
I am not tired / I'm not tired.我不累。
You aren't ready.你还没准备好。
He isn't at home.他不在家。

🔹 疑问形式

形式

Be + 主语中文含义
Am I?我是...吗?
Are you?你是...吗?
Is he/she/it?他 / 她 / 它 是...吗?
Are we?我们是...吗?
Are they?他们是...吗?

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
Am I late?我迟到了吗?
Are you okay?你还好吗?
Is he ready?他准备好了吗?

🔹 反问形式(否定疑问)

形式

否定 + 主语中文含义
Aren’t I?我不是...吗?
Isn’t he/she?他 / 她 不是...吗?
Aren’t we?我们不是...吗?

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
Aren’t I smart?我不聪明吗?
Isn’t she beautiful?她不漂亮吗?
Aren’t they here yet?他们还没到吗?

2. 助动词 “To Have” 的用法

🔹 肯定形式

完整形式(Long form)

主语 + have / has中文含义
I have我有
You have你有
He / She / It has他 / 她 / 它 有
We have我们有
They have他们有

缩写形式(Short form)

缩写中文含义
I've我有
You've你有
He's / She's / It's他 / 她 / 它 有
We've我们有
They've他们有

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
I have a car / I've a car.我有一辆车。
You have a dog / You've a dog.你有一只狗。
He has a bike / He's a bike.他有一辆自行车。

🔹 否定形式

完整形式(Long form)

主语 + have/has + not中文含义
I have not我没有
You have not你没有
He has not他没有
We have not我们没有
They have not他们没有

缩写形式(Short form)

缩写中文含义
I haven't我没有
You haven't你没有
He hasn't他没有
We haven't我们没有
They haven't他们没有

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
I haven't a car.我没有车。
You haven't a dog.你没有狗。
He hasn't a bike.他没有自行车。

🔹 疑问形式

形式

Have / Has + 主语中文含义
Have I?我有...吗?
Have you?你有...吗?
Has he / she?他 / 她 有...吗?
Have we?我们有...吗?
Have they?他们有...吗?

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
Have I a dog?我有一只狗吗?
Have you a car?你有一辆车吗?
Has he a bike?他有自行车吗?

🔹 否定疑问形式(反问形式)

形式

Haven't / Hasn't + 主语中文含义
Haven't I?我不是有...吗?
Hasn't he?他不是有...吗?
Haven't we?我们不是有...吗?

示例句(Examples)

英文中文翻译
Haven't I a bike?我不是有一辆自行车吗?
Hasn't he a dog?他不是有一只狗吗?

3. 助动词 “To Do” 的用法

动词 to do 可以作为实义动词表示“做”,也可以作为中性助动词(没有实际含义)用于构造否定句、疑问句和否定疑问句。

例如,句子 You eat some bread.(你吃一些面包)中没有任何助动词。 要将其变为否定或疑问形式,就必须引入助动词 do

常见用法(Examples with “to eat”)

形式例句中文翻译
否定形式 You do not eat any bread. 你不吃任何面包。
疑问形式 Do you eat some bread? 你吃一些面包吗?
否定疑问 Do you not eat any bread? 你不吃面包吗?

注意:不要混淆 do 作为助动词do 作为实义动词 “做” 的用法。

当 “do” 既是助动词又是实义动词时:

句子:I do something new every day.(我每天做一些新事情)

形式例句中文翻译
否定形式 I do not do something new every day. 我并不是每天都做新事物。
疑问形式 Do I do something new every day? 我每天都做新事物吗?
否定疑问 Do I not do something new every day? 我不是每天都做新事物吗?

动词变化表

原形过去式过去分词中文含义
do did / 中性助动词
do did done 做(实义动词)

📘 助动词:练习题

完成以下句子并验证你的答案。请注意动词形式和主语的一致性。

1. To Be 的用法

  1. I ___ ready to go.
    显示答案am → I am ready to go.(我准备好了)
  2. She ___ not tired today.
    显示答案is → She is not tired today.(她今天不累)
  3. ___ you at home now?
    显示答案AreAre you at home now?(你现在在家吗?)
  4. ___ he not your brother?
    显示答案Isn'tIsn't he your brother?(他不是你兄弟吗?)
  5. They ___ in the classroom.
    显示答案are → They are in the classroom.(他们在教室里)

2. To Have 的用法

  1. I ___ a question.
    显示答案have → I have a question.(我有一个问题)
  2. He ___ not any money.
    显示答案has → He has not any money.(他没有钱)
  3. ___ they a car?
    显示答案HaveHave they a car?(他们有车吗?)
  4. ___ she not a phone?
    显示答案Hasn'tHasn't she a phone?(她没有电话吗?)
  5. You ___ a new friend.
    显示答案have → You have a new friend.(你有个新朋友)

3. To Do 的用法(作为中性助动词)

  1. You ___ not like pizza.
    显示答案do → You do not like pizza.(你不喜欢披萨)
  2. ___ she speak French?
    显示答案DoesDoes she speak French?(她会说法语吗?)
  3. ___ they not live here?
    显示答案DoDo they not live here?(他们不是住在这里吗?)
  4. I ___ my homework every day.
    显示答案do → I do my homework every day.(我每天做作业)
  5. ___ we do it together?
    显示答案DoDo we do it together?(我们一起做吗?)

4. 英语常见介词解释

介词(Prepositions)用于连接名词、代词或短语,并表示与其他词之间的位置、方向、时间、方式等关系。以下是最常用的英语介词及其中文含义和示例。

About

含义: 关于,附近,大约,在周围

Tell me about your friend.告诉我关于你朋友的事情。
We were about 10 and now we are 2.我们原来大约有10个人,现在只剩2个。
There is someone about.附近有一个人。

Above

含义: 在...之上,高于,以上

The creator is above everything.造物主高于一切。
He has a perfect view from above.他从上方看到完美的景色。
Take note of the address as above.请记下上方的地址。

Across

含义: 横过,穿过,在...对面

My teacher lives across from me.我老师住在我对面。
There is a bridge across the river.河上有一座桥。
We swam across the lake.我们游过了湖。

After

含义: 在...之后,后面

After lunch, we went home.午饭后我们回家了。
After all I did, you left me.在我做了这一切之后,你却离开了我。
After that, everything changed.那之后,一切都变了。

Against

含义: 反对,靠着,违背

I am against the idea.我反对这个想法。
You did it against my will.你违背了我的意愿去做了。
I hit my head against the wall.我把头撞到了墙上。

Along

含义: 沿着,顺着

The plane flies along the highway.飞机沿着高速公路飞行。
I walk along the beach with my friend.我和朋友一起沿着海滩散步。
All along my life I worked hard.我一生都很努力工作。

Around

含义: 周围,大约,在附近

The police are around 12 miles away.警察在大约12英里外。
I have seen your sister around.我在附近见过你姐姐。
We sat around the fire.我们围着火坐下。

As

含义: 作为,像,作为…身份,因为

I work as a teacher.我作为一名教师工作。
You behave as a leader.你表现得像个领导。
As we are here, let’s begin.既然我们在这儿,那就开始吧。

At

含义: 在(地点/时间),向,对

I am at home.我在家。
You are good at English.你擅长英语。
She is angry at me.她对我生气。

Before

含义: 在…之前,在…面前,早于

I must be home before my father.我必须在我父亲之前回家。
The guards are before the door.守卫站在门前。
He is not the same as before.他和以前不一样了。

Behind

含义: 在...后面,落后于

Your ball is behind my bag.你的球在我的包后面。
I am behind the others.我落后于其他人。
The sun disappeared behind the mountains.太阳消失在山后。

Below

含义: 在...之下,低于

They are below my rank.他们的等级低于我。
There is a mouse below the bed.床下有只老鼠。
Below, you can see the river.在下面,你可以看到那条河。

Beneath

含义: 在...下方,不配

I am in the house beneath the bridge.我在桥下的房子里。
Your apartment is beneath mine.你的公寓在我楼下。
That comment is beneath you.那个评论不配你回应。

Beside

含义: 在...旁边,靠近

She sits down beside me.她坐在我旁边。
Everyone stood beside the main gate.大家站在大门旁边。
That is beside the point.那与重点无关。

Besides

含义: 除了...以外,还有

She speaks many languages besides English.除了英语,她还会说很多语言。
I can’t trust anybody besides my mother.除了我妈妈,我不信任任何人。
Besides the rain, it was cold too.除了下雨,还很冷。

Between

含义: 在...之间

She sits between the wall and the table.她坐在墙和桌子之间。
There is a secret between us.我们之间有个秘密。
The fight is between two countries.那场战争是在两个国家之间。

Beyond

含义: 超出,超过,在...之外

There is nothing beyond life.生命之外什么也没有。
This task is beyond my strength.这个任务超出了我的能力。
Don't go beyond this point.不要走到这个点以外。

But

含义: 除了,除非(当作介词)

Everybody came but me.除了我,大家都来了。
No one passed but John.除了约翰,没人通过。
I like all fruits but bananas.我喜欢所有水果,除了香蕉。

By

含义: 通过,被,靠近,时间前

She sits by me.她坐在我旁边。
This book is written by him.这本书是他写的。
I will do it by tomorrow.我会在明天之前完成它。

Close to

含义: 靠近,亲近

Your house is close to the station.你家离车站很近。
She is close to her mother.她和妈妈很亲密。
We live close to the park.我们住在公园附近。

Down

含义: 向下,在下方,倒下

Down with enemies!打倒敌人!
The mango has fallen down.芒果掉下来了。
Stay down for your safety.为了安全请趴下。

During

含义: 在...期间

During the strike, workers stayed home.罢工期间,工人们都待在家里。
During the war, many lives were lost.战争期间,许多生命消失了。
I met her during the holidays.我在假期认识了她。

For

含义: 为了,给,持续,代表,因为

This gift is for you.这个礼物是给你的。
They waited for 2 hours.他们等了两个小时。
I don’t like him for he is rude.我不喜欢他,因为他很粗鲁。

From

含义: 来自,从…起

I am from China.我来自中国。
I gave you money from my pocket.我从口袋里掏出钱给你。
My house is 5 miles from here.我家离这里5英里。

From...to

含义: 从...到...

I work from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.我从早上9点工作到下午5点。
I go to school from Monday to Friday.我从星期一到星期五去学校。
From Tokyo to Osaka, people speak Japanese.从东京到大阪,人们都说日语。

In

含义: 在...里面,在...时间里,在...范围内

I walk in the street.我走在街上。
People wear suits in England.在英格兰,人们穿西装。
I will travel in 2025.我将在2025年旅行。

Inside

含义: 在...内部,里面

There’s a meeting inside the room.房间里有一个会议。
Come inside!进来吧!
He finished the job inside two hours.他在两小时内完成了这项工作。

Into

含义: 进入...之中,转化为

My bread fell into the water.我的面包掉进水里了。
He puts clothes into the machine.他把衣服放进洗衣机。
I translated the text into Chinese.我把这篇文章翻译成中文。

Like

含义: 像,如同

You are like your father.你像你的父亲。
She speaks like an American.她说话像个美国人。
He runs like a tiger.他跑得像老虎一样快。

Near

含义: 靠近,接近

You live near your friend.你住在你朋友附近。
I wait near the station.我在车站附近等你。
The school is near my house.学校离我家很近。

Of

含义: 属于,由...组成,关于

The school of my sister is far away.我妹妹的学校很远。
Many people die of hunger.很多人死于饥饿。
The table is made of wood.这张桌子是木头做的。

Off

含义: 从...下来,离开,远离

He fell off the bike.他从自行车上摔下来。
I bought a house off the beach.我买了一间靠海的房子。
The enemy ship is off the coast.敌舰在海岸附近。

On

含义: 在...上,关于,依靠

The book is on the table.书在桌子上。
I was born on Monday.我出生在星期一。
He is the first on 50.他在50人中排第一。

Onto

含义: 到...之上

The cat jumped onto the bed.猫跳上了床。
Put the box onto the shelf.把盒子放到架子上。
The ball rolled onto the road.球滚到了马路上。

Opposite

含义: 在...对面,相反

My house is opposite the park.我家在公园对面。
This is the opposite of truth.这是事实的相反。
He lives opposite my office.他住在我办公室对面。

Out

含义: 出去,外出

I am out for lunch.我出去吃午饭了。
The lights went out suddenly.灯突然灭了。
They are out to eat.他们外出吃饭了。

Outside

含义: 在外面,室外

He works outside the city.他在城市外工作。
Don't go outside at midnight.不要在半夜出去。
The kids are playing outside.孩子们在外面玩。

Over

含义: 在...之上,多于,超过,关于

The plane flies over the city.飞机飞过城市上空。
I cried over the years we lost.我为我们失去的岁月哭泣。
The coat is over the shirt.外套在衬衣上。

Through

含义: 穿过,通过,经历

We walked through the forest.我们穿过森林。
I saw him through the window.我透过窗户看见了他。
I lived here through summer.我整个夏天都住在这里。

Throughout

含义: 贯穿,遍及,整个期间

Throughout the year, he worked hard.整年他都很努力。
There was silence throughout the house.整栋房子里都很安静。
He is famous throughout the world.他在全世界都很有名。

To

含义: 到,向,给

I go to school every day.我每天去学校。
This is a gift to you.这是送给你的礼物。
We are going to the store.我们正要去商店。

Toward(s)

含义: 朝,向,对…(态度)

Come toward me.朝我走来。
We are heading towards success.我们正迈向成功。
Her behavior toward her mother is good.她对妈妈的态度很好。

Under

含义: 在...下面,少于

The keys are under the pillow.钥匙在枕头下。
Children under 12 can’t enter.12岁以下儿童不得入内。
We are under the bridge.我们在桥下。

Underneath

含义: 在...下方,隐藏

Hide under the bed.藏在床下。
The cat is underneath the table.猫在桌子下面。
He found a note underneath the box.他在盒子下发现了一张纸条。

Until

含义: 直到…为止

I will wait until you arrive.我会一直等你到来。
We stayed until midnight.我们一直待到午夜。
Until he spoke, no one knew.直到他说出来,没人知道。

Up

含义: 向上,在上面

The cat is up the tree.猫在树上。
The balloon went up.气球飞上去了。
My house is up the hill.我家在山上。

With

含义: 和…一起,带着,关于

I am with you.我与你同在。
I lived with my friends.我和朋友们住在一起。
He was shaking with fear.他吓得发抖。

Within

含义: 在...之内,不超过

I will return within two days.我两天内会回来。
The treasure is hidden within the walls.宝藏藏在墙内。
You must finish it within an hour.你必须在一小时内完成。

Without

含义: 没有,缺乏

She goes to school without her bag.她上学没带书包。
Without money, we can’t eat.没有钱,我们吃不了饭。
An angel can’t fly without wings.天使没有翅膀无法飞翔。

区别:At 与 To

At 表示位置、时间、技能。

To 表示方向、目的、动作发生的对象或不定式。

句子中文翻译
I am at home.我在家。
I go to school.我去学校。
I speak to my teacher.我对老师说话。
I’m good at English.我擅长英语。

区别:From 与 Of

From 表示来源、距离、原料。

Of 表示所属、原因、组成。

句子中文翻译
I am from Beijing.我来自北京。
The son of my aunt is sick.我姨妈的儿子生病了。
The chair is made from wood.椅子是用木头做的(强调过程)。
The table is made of wood.桌子是木头做的(强调材料)。

区别:On 与 Onto

On 表示“在...上”,强调位置。

Onto 表示“到...上”,强调动作。

句子中文翻译
The book is on the table.书在桌子上。
I jumped onto the chair.我跳上了椅子。

📘 介词练习题

选择适当的介词完成句子:

  1. The book is ___ the table.
    查看答案on → The book is on the table.(书在桌子上。)
  2. He comes ___ China.
    查看答案from → He comes from China.(他来自中国。)
  3. I will wait here ___ you return.
    查看答案until → I will wait here until you return.(我会一直等你回来。)
  4. She sat ___ me during the class.
    查看答案beside → She sat beside me.(上课时她坐在我旁边。)
  5. He jumped ___ the pool.
    查看答案into → He jumped into the pool.(他跳进了泳池。)

📘 高级介词练习题

用正确的介词(如:over, under, between, among, throughout 等)填空:

  1. There are dangers ___ the world.
    查看答案throughout → There are dangers throughout the world.(全世界都有危险。)
  2. The cat is hiding ___ the couch.
    查看答案under → The cat is hiding under the couch.(猫藏在沙发下面。)
  3. Share this ___ the group.
    查看答案among → Share this among the group.(把这个在群体中分享。)
  4. He walked slowly ___ the crowd.
    查看答案through → He walked slowly through the crowd.(他缓慢地穿过人群。)
  5. I stayed here ___ 2020 to 2023.
    查看答案from and to → I stayed here from 2020 to 2023.(我从2020年待到2023年。)