英语时态与动词完整指南
Table of Contents
- 1. Simple Present
- 2. Present Continuous
- 3. Simple Past
- 4. Past Continuous
- 5. Present Perfect
- 6. Past Perfect
- 7. Simple Future
- 7.1 Near Future
- 8. Future Perfect
- 9. Present Conditional
- 10. Past Conditional
- 11. Present Perfect Continuous
- 12. Past Perfect Continuous
- 13. Imperative
- 14. Practice Exercises
1. 一般现在时
一般现在时用于表达日常习惯、普遍真理、情感或永久事实。也常用于描述时间表或日常安排。
1.1 肯定句
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I work every day. | 我每天工作。 |
| You work every day. | 你每天工作。 |
| He works every day. | 他每天工作。 |
| We work every day. | 我们每天工作。 |
| You work every day. | 你们每天工作。 |
| They work every day. | 他们每天工作。 |
1.2 否定句
结构:主语 + do/does + not + 动词原形
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I do not (don't) work on Sundays. | 我星期天不工作。 |
| You don't work on Sundays. | 你星期天不工作。 |
| He doesn't work on Sundays. | 他星期天不工作。 |
| We don't work on Sundays. | 我们星期天不工作。 |
| You don't work on Sundays. | 你们星期天不工作。 |
| They don't work on Sundays. | 他们星期天不工作。 |
1.3 疑问句
结构:Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Do I work too much? | 我工作太多了吗? |
| Do you work here? | 你在这里工作吗? |
| Does he work on weekends? | 他周末工作吗? |
| Do we work together? | 我们一起工作吗? |
| Do you work every day? | 你们每天工作吗? |
| Do they work at night? | 他们晚上工作吗? |
1.4 否定疑问句
结构:Don't/Doesn't + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Don't I work enough? | 我不够努力吗? |
| Don't you work today? | 你今天不工作吗? |
| Doesn't he work here? | 他不是在这里工作吗? |
| Don't we work on Fridays? | 我们星期五不工作吗? |
| Don't you work with them? | 你们不是和他们一起工作吗? |
| Don't they work far away? | 他们不是在很远的地方工作吗? |
2. 现在进行时
现在进行时(或称现在进行式)用于描述说话时正在发生的动作,或暂时的情况。结构为:be 动词 + 动词 -ing。
2.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I am working now. | 我现在正在工作。 |
| You are studying English. | 你正在学习英语。 |
| He is eating lunch. | 他正在吃午饭。 |
| We are watching a movie. | 我们正在看电影。 |
| You are talking too loud. | 你们说话太大声了。 |
| They are playing outside. | 他们正在外面玩。 |
2.2 否定句
结构:主语 + am/is/are + not + 动词-ing
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I am not working today. | 我今天不工作。 |
| You are not listening. | 你没在听。 |
| She is not coming with us. | 她不和我们一起去。 |
| We are not going out tonight. | 我们今晚不出门。 |
| You are not doing your homework. | 你们没有在做作业。 |
| They are not playing football. | 他们没有在踢足球。 |
2.3 疑问句
结构:Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 动词-ing + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Am I disturbing you? | 我打扰你了吗? |
| Are you working today? | 你今天工作吗? |
| Is he sleeping? | 他在睡觉吗? |
| Are we going to the park? | 我们要去公园吗? |
| Are you coming with us? | 你们和我们一起去吗? |
| Are they watching TV? | 他们在看电视吗? |
2.4 否定疑问句
结构:Aren’t / Isn’t + 主语 + 动词-ing + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Aren’t I helping you? | 我不是在帮你吗? |
| Aren’t you feeling well? | 你不舒服吗? |
| Isn’t she coming? | 她不来了? |
| Aren’t we leaving soon? | 我们不是很快就要走了吗? |
| Aren’t you listening? | 你们没在听吗? |
| Aren’t they doing the dishes? | 他们不是在洗碗吗? |
3. 一般过去时
一般过去时用于描述过去已经完成的动作,通常与时间标志连用,如 yesterday、last year、in 2010 等。
3.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + 动词过去式
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I visited London last year. | 我去年参观了伦敦。 |
| You called me yesterday. | 你昨天打电话给我了。 |
| She finished her homework. | 她做完了作业。 |
| We watched a movie. | 我们看了一部电影。 |
| You arrived late. | 你们来晚了。 |
| They walked to school. | 他们步行去学校。 |
3.2 否定句
结构:主语 + did not (didn't) + 动词原形
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I didn’t visit Paris. | 我没有去巴黎。 |
| You didn’t call him. | 你没打电话给他。 |
| He didn’t finish his meal. | 他没吃完饭。 |
| We didn’t watch the news. | 我们没看新闻。 |
| You didn’t arrive on time. | 你们没有准时到达。 |
| They didn’t go to school. | 他们没去上学。 |
3.3 疑问句
结构:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Did I say something wrong? | 我说错什么了吗? |
| Did you see the movie? | 你看那部电影了吗? |
| Did she like the gift? | 她喜欢那个礼物吗? |
| Did we forget something? | 我们忘了什么吗? |
| Did you enjoy the trip? | 你们喜欢那次旅行吗? |
| Did they finish the task? | 他们完成任务了吗? |
3.4 否定疑问句
结构:Didn’t + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Didn’t I send the email? | 我不是已经发邮件了吗? |
| Didn’t you understand? | 你没明白吗? |
| Didn’t he call you? | 他没给你打电话吗? |
| Didn’t we agree on that? | 我们不是已经达成一致了吗? |
| Didn’t you read the book? | 你没读那本书吗? |
| Didn’t they hear the news? | 他们没听到那个消息吗? |
4. 过去进行时
过去进行时用于描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,通常与另一件事情同时发生。结构为:was/were + 动词-ing。
4.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + was/were + 动词-ing
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I was reading a book. | 我当时正在看书。 |
| You were studying all night. | 你整晚都在学习。 |
| She was cooking dinner. | 她正在做晚饭。 |
| We were watching TV. | 我们当时正在看电视。 |
| You were listening to music. | 你们在听音乐。 |
| They were working on a project. | 他们正在做一个项目。 |
4.2 否定句
结构:主语 + was/were + not + 动词-ing
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I wasn’t sleeping. | 我没在睡觉。 |
| You weren’t listening. | 你没在听。 |
| He wasn’t working yesterday. | 他昨天没有工作。 |
| We weren’t studying. | 我们没在学习。 |
| You weren’t watching the movie. | 你们没有在看电影。 |
| They weren’t playing football. | 他们没有在踢足球。 |
4.3 疑问句
结构:Was/Were + 主语 + 动词-ing + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Was I bothering you? | 我打扰你了吗? |
| Were you sleeping? | 你在睡觉吗? |
| Was she crying? | 她在哭吗? |
| Were we talking too loudly? | 我们说话太大声了吗? |
| Were you working last night? | 你们昨晚在工作吗? |
| Were they playing chess? | 他们在下棋吗? |
4.4 否定疑问句
结构:Wasn’t/Weren’t + 主语 + 动词-ing + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Wasn’t I helping you? | 我不是在帮你吗? |
| Weren’t you watching TV? | 你不是在看电视吗? |
| Wasn’t he sleeping? | 他不是在睡觉吗? |
| Weren’t we waiting? | 我们不是在等吗? |
| Weren’t you studying together? | 你们不是一起在学习吗? |
| Weren’t they leaving? | 他们不是正在离开吗? |
5. 现在完成时
现在完成时用于表达从过去某个时间开始一直持续到现在的动作,或对现在仍有影响的已完成动作。结构为:have/has + 过去分词。
5.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + have/has + 过去分词
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I have finished my work. | 我已经完成了工作。 |
| You have visited Paris. | 你曾经去过巴黎。 |
| He has eaten lunch. | 他已经吃过午饭了。 |
| We have learned a lot. | 我们学到了很多。 |
| You have watched this movie. | 你们已经看过这部电影了。 |
| They have arrived. | 他们已经到了。 |
5.2 否定句
结构:主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I haven’t finished yet. | 我还没有完成。 |
| You haven’t seen that. | 你没见过那个。 |
| She hasn’t arrived. | 她还没到。 |
| We haven’t decided. | 我们还没决定。 |
| You haven’t studied. | 你们还没学习。 |
| They haven’t started. | 他们还没开始。 |
5.3 疑问句
结构:Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Have I told you this? | 我告诉你这件事了吗? |
| Have you eaten? | 你吃过了吗? |
| Has he finished the report? | 他完成报告了吗? |
| Have we met before? | 我们以前见过吗? |
| Have you read the book? | 你们读过这本书吗? |
| Have they come back? | 他们回来了吗? |
5.4 否定疑问句
结构:Haven’t / Hasn’t + 主语 + 过去分词 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Haven’t I done enough? | 我不是已经做得够多了吗? |
| Haven’t you heard? | 你没听说吗? |
| Hasn’t she called? | 她还没打电话吗? |
| Haven’t we tried everything? | 我们不是已经都试过了吗? |
| Haven’t you checked? | 你们没检查吗? |
| Haven’t they replied yet? | 他们还没回复吗? |
6. 过去完成时
过去完成时用于描述在过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作,常与 before、after、when 等词连用。结构为:had + 过去分词。
6.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + had + 过去分词
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I had finished when you arrived. | 你到的时候我已经完成了。 |
| You had left early. | 你已经早早离开了。 |
| He had eaten before noon. | 他在中午前就吃过了。 |
| We had seen that movie. | 我们已经看过那部电影了。 |
| You had completed the task. | 你们已经完成了任务。 |
| They had gone home. | 他们已经回家了。 |
6.2 否定句
结构:主语 + had not (hadn’t) + 过去分词
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I hadn’t finished yet. | 我还没完成。 |
| You hadn’t arrived. | 你还没到。 |
| She hadn’t called him. | 她还没给他打电话。 |
| We hadn’t eaten. | 我们还没吃。 |
| You hadn’t studied for the test. | 你们没为考试复习。 |
| They hadn’t opened the door. | 他们还没开门。 |
6.3 疑问句
结构:Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Had I seen her before? | 我以前见过她吗? |
| Had you eaten lunch? | 你吃过午饭了吗? |
| Had he called you? | 他打电话给你了吗? |
| Had we met before? | 我们以前见过面吗? |
| Had you read this book? | 你们读过这本书吗? |
| Had they arrived? | 他们到了吗? |
6.4 否定疑问句
结构:Hadn’t + 主语 + 过去分词 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Hadn’t I seen that already? | 我不是已经看过那个了吗? |
| Hadn’t you left? | 你不是离开了吗? |
| Hadn’t she replied? | 她还没回复吗? |
| Hadn’t we told them? | 我们不是已经告诉他们了吗? |
| Hadn’t you finished your work? | 你们不是完成工作了吗? |
| Hadn’t they arrived on time? | 他们不是准时到了吗? |
7. 一般将来时
一般将来时用于表达将来会发生的动作或计划。结构为:will + 动词原形。
7.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + will + 动词原形
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I will go to school tomorrow. | 我明天会去上学。 |
| You will learn quickly. | 你会学得很快。 |
| He will call you later. | 他稍后会打电话给你。 |
| We will travel next week. | 我们下周会去旅行。 |
| You will see the difference. | 你们会看到区别。 |
| They will arrive at 5 PM. | 他们会在下午五点到达。 |
7.2 否定句
结构:主语 + will not (won’t) + 动词原形
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I won’t forget this. | 我不会忘记这件事。 |
| You won’t be late. | 你不会迟到。 |
| She won’t come today. | 她今天不会来。 |
| We won’t wait long. | 我们不会等太久。 |
| You won’t fail the test. | 你们不会考试不及格。 |
| They won’t agree. | 他们不会同意。 |
7.3 疑问句
结构:Will + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Will I succeed? | 我会成功吗? |
| Will you come with us? | 你会和我们一起来吗? |
| Will she answer? | 她会回答吗? |
| Will we arrive on time? | 我们会准时到达吗? |
| Will you be ready? | 你们准备好了吗? |
| Will they help us? | 他们会帮我们吗? |
7.4 否定疑问句
结构:Won’t + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Won’t I see you again? | 我不会再见到你了吗? |
| Won’t you come tomorrow? | 你明天不来吗? |
| Won’t he join us? | 他不加入我们吗? |
| Won’t we be late? | 我们不会迟到吗? |
| Won’t you try again? | 你们不再试一次吗? |
| Won’t they participate? | 他们不会参加吗? |
7.1 将来进行结构(Be going to)
“Be going to” 用于表达即将发生的事情或计划中的未来动作,尤其是有迹象表明某事将发生时。
结构:主语 + am/is/are + going to + 动词原形
肯定句
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I am going to eat soon. | 我很快就要吃饭了。 |
| You are going to love this. | 你会喜欢这个的。 |
| She is going to travel to Japan. | 她打算去日本旅行。 |
| We are going to meet later. | 我们稍后要见面。 |
| You are going to win. | 你们会赢的。 |
| They are going to study abroad. | 他们打算出国留学。 |
否定句
结构:主语 + am/is/are + not + going to + 动词原形
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I’m not going to sleep yet. | 我还不打算睡觉。 |
| You’re not going to like this. | 你不会喜欢这个的。 |
| He’s not going to help us. | 他不会帮助我们。 |
| We’re not going to be late. | 我们不会迟到。 |
| You’re not going to finish in time. | 你们不会按时完成。 |
| They’re not going to join us. | 他们不会加入我们。 |
疑问句
结构:Am/Is/Are + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Am I going to win? | 我会赢吗? |
| Are you going to help me? | 你会帮我吗? |
| Is he going to call? | 他会打电话吗? |
| Are we going to leave soon? | 我们很快要走吗? |
| Are you going to cook? | 你们会做饭吗? |
| Are they going to succeed? | 他们会成功吗? |
8. 将来完成时(Future Perfect)
将来完成时用于描述在未来某一时间点之前已经完成的动作或事件。结构为:will have + 过去分词。
8.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + will have + 过去分词
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I will have finished the work by Friday. | 到星期五我将完成这项工作。 |
| You will have eaten before 8. | 你在8点前会吃完。 |
| He will have arrived by noon. | 他将在中午前到达。 |
| We will have left by then. | 到那时我们将已经离开。 |
| You will have completed the task. | 你们将完成任务。 |
| They will have gone home. | 他们将回到家。 |
8.2 否定句
结构:主语 + will not (won’t) have + 过去分词
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I won’t have finished by 5 PM. | 我在下午5点前不会完成。 |
| You won’t have left yet. | 你不会还没离开。 |
| She won’t have studied enough. | 她不会学得足够多。 |
| We won’t have arrived. | 我们还不会到达。 |
| You won’t have eaten anything. | 你们不会吃过任何东西。 |
| They won’t have started the meeting. | 他们不会开始会议。 |
8.3 疑问句
结构:Will + 主语 + have + 过去分词 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Will I have finished on time? | 我会按时完成吗? |
| Will you have read the book? | 你会读完那本书吗? |
| Will he have left already? | 他已经离开了吗? |
| Will we have completed everything? | 我们会完成所有事情吗? |
| Will you have eaten by then? | 你们到时候吃过了吗? |
| Will they have called? | 他们会打电话吗? |
8.4 否定疑问句
结构:Won’t + 主语 + have + 过去分词 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Won’t I have graduated? | 我不会已经毕业了吗? |
| Won’t you have left by then? | 你不会在那之前离开吗? |
| Won’t he have eaten? | 他不会已经吃了吗? |
| Won’t we have arrived? | 我们不会已经到了吗? |
| Won’t you have finished your work? | 你们不会已经完成工作了吗? |
| Won’t they have returned? | 他们不会已经回来了吗? |
9. 现在条件式(present conditional)
现在条件式用于表达假设情况、愿望、建议或非现实的事件。结构为:would + 动词原形。
9.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + would + 动词原形
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I would help you if I could. | 如果我能的话,我会帮你。 |
| You would enjoy this movie. | 你会喜欢这部电影。 |
| He would travel more if he had time. | 如果他有时间,他会多去旅行。 |
| We would stay longer. | 我们会待得更久。 |
| You would win the game. | 你们会赢得比赛。 |
| They would understand. | 他们会明白。 |
9.2 否定句
结构:主语 + would not (wouldn’t) + 动词原形
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I wouldn’t say that. | 我不会那么说。 |
| You wouldn’t like it. | 你不会喜欢的。 |
| She wouldn’t go there alone. | 她不会一个人去那里。 |
| We wouldn’t agree. | 我们不会同意。 |
| You wouldn’t miss it. | 你们不会错过的。 |
| They wouldn’t believe it. | 他们不会相信的。 |
9.3 疑问句
结构:Would + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Would I be welcome? | 我会受到欢迎吗? |
| Would you help me? | 你会帮我吗? |
| Would he understand? | 他会明白吗? |
| Would we succeed? | 我们会成功吗? |
| Would you accept? | 你们会接受吗? |
| Would they support us? | 他们会支持我们吗? |
9.4 否定疑问句
结构:Wouldn’t + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Wouldn’t I be invited? | 我不会被邀请吗? |
| Wouldn’t you agree? | 你不会同意吗? |
| Wouldn’t she come? | 她不会来吗? |
| Wouldn’t we notice? | 我们不会注意到吗? |
| Wouldn’t you try again? | 你们不会再试一次吗? |
| Wouldn’t they accept? | 他们不会接受吗? |
10. 过去条件式(past conditional)
过去条件式用于表达过去未曾发生但本可能发生的情况。常用于与过去的虚拟语气连用。结构为:would have + 过去分词。
10.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + would have + 过去分词
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I would have helped you. | 我本来会帮你。 |
| You would have liked it. | 你本来会喜欢它。 |
| He would have come earlier. | 他本来会早些来。 |
| We would have won the game. | 我们本来会赢得比赛。 |
| You would have passed. | 你们本来会通过的。 |
| They would have finished on time. | 他们本来会按时完成。 |
10.2 否定句
结构:主语 + would not (wouldn’t) have + 过去分词
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I wouldn’t have said that. | 我本不会那么说。 |
| You wouldn’t have known. | 你本来不会知道的。 |
| She wouldn’t have gone alone. | 她本来不会独自去的。 |
| We wouldn’t have agreed. | 我们本来不会同意。 |
| You wouldn’t have lost. | 你们本不会输。 |
| They wouldn’t have believed it. | 他们本来不会相信。 |
10.3 疑问句
结构:Would + 主语 + have + 过去分词 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Would I have passed? | 我本来会通过吗? |
| Would you have accepted? | 你本会接受吗? |
| Would he have helped? | 他本会帮助吗? |
| Would we have finished in time? | 我们本来会按时完成吗? |
| Would you have come? | 你们本来会来吗? |
| Would they have supported us? | 他们本来会支持我们吗? |
10.4 否定疑问句
结构:Wouldn’t + 主语 + have + 过去分词 + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Wouldn’t I have known? | 我本不会知道吗? |
| Wouldn’t you have told me? | 你本来不会告诉我吗? |
| Wouldn’t she have refused? | 她本来不会拒绝吗? |
| Wouldn’t we have noticed? | 我们本来不会注意到吗? |
| Wouldn’t you have helped? | 你们本来不会帮助吗? |
| Wouldn’t they have joined us? | 他们本来不会加入我们吗? |
11. 现在完成进行时(Present Perfect Continuous)
现在完成进行时表示从过去持续到现在并可能仍在继续的动作,或刚刚结束但有明显结果的动作。结构为:have/has been + 动词-ing。
11.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + have/has been + 动词-ing
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I have been working all day. | 我已经工作了一整天。 |
| You have been studying hard. | 你一直在努力学习。 |
| She has been waiting for hours. | 她已经等了几个小时。 |
| We have been cleaning the house. | 我们一直在打扫房子。 |
| You have been playing soccer. | 你们一直在踢足球。 |
| They have been living here since 2010. | 他们自2010年以来一直住在这里。 |
11.2 否定句
结构:主语 + have/has not been + 动词-ing
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I haven’t been sleeping well. | 我最近睡得不好。 |
| You haven’t been working today. | 你今天没有在工作。 |
| He hasn’t been calling me. | 他最近没有给我打电话。 |
| We haven’t been practicing. | 我们一直没练习。 |
| You haven’t been studying enough. | 你们学习得不够。 |
| They haven’t been helping. | 他们一直没帮忙。 |
11.3 疑问句
结构:Have/Has + 主语 + been + 动词-ing + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Have I been doing this right? | 我做得对吗? |
| Have you been waiting long? | 你等了很久了吗? |
| Has she been studying? | 她一直在学习吗? |
| Have we been practicing enough? | 我们练习得够多吗? |
| Have you been sleeping well? | 你们最近睡得好吗? |
| Have they been helping? | 他们一直在帮忙吗? |
11.4 否定疑问句
结构:Haven’t/Hasn’t + 主语 + been + 动词-ing + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Haven’t I been helping enough? | 我还不够帮忙吗? |
| Haven’t you been watching? | 你没一直在看吗? |
| Hasn’t he been trying? | 他不是一直在努力吗? |
| Haven’t we been doing our best? | 我们不是一直尽力了吗? |
| Haven’t you been paying attention? | 你们没有在注意吗? |
| Haven’t they been working on it? | 他们不是一直在做这件事吗? |
12. 过去完成进行时(Past Perfect Continuous)
过去完成进行时用于描述在过去某一时间点之前已经持续进行的动作。结构为:had been + 动词-ing。
12.1 肯定句
结构:主语 + had been + 动词-ing
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I had been waiting for an hour. | 我已经等了一个小时。 |
| You had been studying all night. | 你整晚都在学习。 |
| She had been crying before I arrived. | 我到之前她一直在哭。 |
| We had been working hard. | 我们一直在努力工作。 |
| You had been talking loudly. | 你们一直在大声说话。 |
| They had been living abroad. | 他们以前一直住在国外。 |
12.2 否定句
结构:主语 + had not (hadn’t) been + 动词-ing
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| I hadn’t been sleeping well. | 我以前睡得不好。 |
| You hadn’t been reading. | 你以前没在看书。 |
| He hadn’t been helping. | 他以前没在帮忙。 |
| We hadn’t been practicing. | 我们以前没在练习。 |
| You hadn’t been trying. | 你们以前没在尝试。 |
| They hadn’t been working much. | 他们以前没怎么工作。 |
12.3 疑问句
结构:Had + 主语 + been + 动词-ing + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Had I been doing it right? | 我以前做得对吗? |
| Had you been watching? | 你以前一直在看吗? |
| Had he been training? | 他以前在训练吗? |
| Had we been working together? | 我们以前在一起工作吗? |
| Had you been helping her? | 你们以前在帮她吗? |
| Had they been preparing for the trip? | 他们以前在为旅行做准备吗? |
12.4 否定疑问句
结构:Hadn’t + 主语 + been + 动词-ing + ?
| 英语问题 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Hadn’t I been helping enough? | 我以前不够帮忙吗? |
| Hadn’t you been studying? | 你以前没在学习吗? |
| Hadn’t she been calling? | 她以前没在打电话吗? |
| Hadn’t we been doing our part? | 我们以前没尽自己的一份力吗? |
| Hadn’t you been listening? | 你们以前没在听吗? |
| Hadn’t they been working hard? | 他们以前没在努力工作吗? |
13. 英语的祈使句(Imperative in English)
在英语中,祈使句(imperative)用于给出命令、建议、请求或指示。其结构通常省略主语,直接以动词原形开头。
13.1 肯定祈使句
结构:动词原形 + 补充说明
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Close the door. | 关上门。 |
| Be quiet! | 安静! |
| Take a seat. | 请坐。 |
| Listen carefully. | 认真听。 |
| Do your homework. | 做作业。 |
| Try again. | 再试一次。 |
13.2 否定祈使句
结构:Don’t + 动词原形
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Don’t touch that! | 别碰那个! |
| Don’t be late. | 不要迟到。 |
| Don’t forget your keys. | 别忘了你的钥匙。 |
| Don’t shout. | 不要喊叫。 |
| Don’t lie. | 不要撒谎。 |
| Don’t worry. | 别担心。 |
13.3 加强语气的祈使句
可以在句首加上 Do 来加强语气(通常是更正式或更恳求)。
- Do sit down. → 请坐吧。
- Do be careful. → 请一定要小心。
- Do come in. → 请进来。
13.4 Let's 用于建议
Let's 用于提出建议,表示“让我们……”
- Let’s go! → 我们走吧!
- Let’s study together. → 我们一起学习吧。
- Let’s not argue. → 我们别争吵了。
13.5 否定形式:let + 主语 + not + 动词
这个结构用于表达祈使的否定形式,尤其是更正式或书面语境。
| 英语句子 | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| Let me not go. | 让我别走。 |
| Let him not come in. | 别让他进来。 |
| Let her not tell you the truth. | 别让她告诉你真相。 |
| Let’s not go. | 我们别走。 |
| Let them not walk away. | 别让他们离开。 |
13.6 小结
英语祈使句主要用于表达命令、邀请、建议或禁止。它通常以动词原形开头,可以使用 don’t 进行否定,或者使用 let + 代词 + 动词 结构。
⚠️ 注意:英语的祈使句没有真正的疑问形式。如果想用更礼貌的方式请求别人做某事,通常使用以下表达方式:
- Can you open the window? → 你能打开窗户吗?
- Could you help me? → 你能帮帮我吗?
- Would you mind waiting? → 你介意等一下吗?
这些不是严格意义上的祈使句,而是以疑问句的形式表达的礼貌请求。
14. 应用练习(Exercices d’application)
完成下列句子,使用适当的时态或结构。
Exercice 1
用适当的时态填写下列句子:
- 1. I __________ (go) to the gym every day.
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go(一般现在时) - 2. She __________ (study) English for two hours.
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has been studying(现在完成进行时) - 3. They __________ (not arrive) yet.
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haven’t arrived(现在完成时) - 4. We __________ (watch) a movie when the power went out.
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were watching(过去进行时) - 5. He __________ (leave) before I got there.
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had left(过去完成时)
Exercice 2
改写为否定句:
- 1. She is coming to the party.
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She is not coming to the party. - 2. They have seen the movie.
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They have not seen the movie. - 3. He was playing the piano.
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He was not playing the piano.
Exercice 3
改写为疑问句:
- 1. You speak French.
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Do you speak French? - 2. They have finished their work.
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Have they finished their work? - 3. She was cooking dinner.
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Was she cooking dinner?
Exercice 4
将句子改写为条件式过去(Conditionnel passé):
- 1. I help him.
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I would have helped him. - 2. She arrives earlier.
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She would have arrived earlier. - 3. We win the match.
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We would have won the match.
Exercice 5
选择正确的选项:
- 1. If I were you, I __________ (will / would / had) call her.
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would - 2. She __________ (has been / had been / have been) working all day.
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has been - 3. They __________ (don’t / didn’t / haven’t) finish the task yet.
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haven’t