英语中的被动语态和间接引语

📘 被动语态简介

在英语中，被动语态（Passive Voice）用于强调动作的承受者，而不是执行者。也就是说，句子的重点是“谁被做了什么”，而不是“谁做了这件事”。

📌 被动语态的构成：

be动词（按时态变化） + 过去分词

例句：
主动语态: My father builds a wall.
→ 我爸爸建了一堵墙。
被动语态: A wall is built by my father.
→ 一堵墙是由我爸爸建造的。

📌 被动句的一般结构：

主语 + be（按时态变化）+ 过去分词 + （by + 执行者）

💡 注意： 使用被动语态通常有以下几种情况：

执行者未知或不重要（例：The window was broken.）
强调动作的接受者（例：The victim was rescued.）
形式更客观、中性或更正式

✅ 一般现在时的被动语态（Present Simple Passive）

一般现在时的被动语态用于表达经常发生的事情或事实，强调的是动作的承受者。

结构： am / is / are + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + am/is/are + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They tell a story.
→ 他们讲一个故事。
被动语态: A story is told by them.
→ 一个故事被他们讲出来。
主动语态: Rebecca calls Malika.
→ 丽贝卡打电话给玛丽卡。
被动语态: Malika is called by Rebecca.
→ 玛丽卡被丽贝卡打电话。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. John cleans the room. → 约翰打扫房间。
2. They eat apples. → 他们吃苹果。
3. The teacher explains the lesson. → 老师讲解课程。

✅ 参考答案

The room is cleaned by John. → 房间被约翰打扫。
Apples are eaten by them. → 苹果被他们吃掉。
The lesson is explained by the teacher. → 课程被老师讲解。

✅ 现在进行时的被动语态（Present Continuous Passive）

现在进行时的被动语态用于表示某件事情正在被执行，通常用于描述当前发生的动作，强调动作正在被进行中。

结构： am / is / are + being + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + am/is/are + being + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They are telling a new story.
→ 他们正在讲一个新故事。
被动语态: A new story is being told by them.
→ 一个新故事正在被他们讲述。
主动语态: Rebecca is calling Malika.
→ 丽贝卡正在给玛丽卡打电话。
被动语态: Malika is being called by Rebecca.
→ 玛丽卡正在接到丽贝卡的电话。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. They are writing a letter. → 他们正在写一封信。
2. Peter is painting the door. → 彼得正在粉刷门。
3. The students are reading the book. → 学生们正在阅读这本书。

✅ 参考答案

A letter is being written by them. → 一封信正在被他们写。
The door is being painted by Peter. → 门正在被彼得粉刷。
The book is being read by the students. → 这本书正在被学生们阅读。

✅ 一般过去时的被动语态（Past Simple Passive）

一般过去时的被动语态用于描述过去发生的事情，强调的是动作已经完成，并关注动作的承受者。

结构： was / were + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + was/were + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They told a story.
→ 他们讲了一个故事。
被动语态: A story was told by them.
→ 一个故事被他们讲了出来。
主动语态: Rebecca called Malika.
→ 丽贝卡给玛丽卡打了电话。
被动语态: Malika was called by Rebecca.
→ 玛丽卡被丽贝卡打电话了。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. John closed the window. → 约翰关上了窗户。
2. The cat broke the vase. → 那只猫打碎了花瓶。
3. They invited Paul. → 他们邀请了保罗。

✅ 参考答案

The window was closed by John. → 窗户被约翰关上了。
The vase was broken by the cat. → 花瓶被猫打碎了。
Paul was invited by them. → 保罗被他们邀请了。

✅ 一般将来时的被动语态（Future Simple Passive）

一般将来时的被动语态用于描述未来将被执行的动作，常用于计划、预测或承诺的情况。

结构： will be + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + will be + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They will finish the project.
→ 他们将完成这个项目。
被动语态: The project will be finished by them.
→ 这个项目将由他们完成。
主动语态: Lisa will send an email.
→ 丽莎将发送一封邮件。
被动语态: An email will be sent by Lisa.
→ 一封邮件将由丽莎发送。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. Tom will write a book. → 汤姆将写一本书。
2. They will clean the house. → 他们将打扫房子。
3. The chef will cook the meal. → 厨师将做饭。

✅ 参考答案

A book will be written by Tom. → 一本书将由汤姆写。
The house will be cleaned by them. → 房子将由他们打扫。
The meal will be cooked by the chef. → 饭菜将由厨师做。

✅ 最近将来时的被动语态（Be going to Passive）

be going to 的被动语态用于表达即将发生的动作，尤其适用于已计划好的事情。

结构： am / is / are + going to be + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + am/is/are + going to be + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They are going to build a house.
→ 他们打算建一座房子。
被动语态: A house is going to be built by them.
→ 一座房子将由他们建造。
主动语态: My mom is going to prepare lunch.
→ 我妈妈打算准备午饭。
被动语态: Lunch is going to be prepared by my mom.
→ 午饭将由我妈妈准备。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. They are going to deliver the package. → 他们将投递包裹。
2. She is going to organize a party. → 她将组织一个聚会。
3. We are going to paint the wall. → 我们将粉刷墙壁。

✅ 参考答案

The package is going to be delivered by them. → 包裹将由他们投递。
A party is going to be organized by her. → 聚会将由她组织。
The wall is going to be painted by us. → 墙壁将由我们粉刷。

✅ 现在完成时的被动语态（Present Perfect Passive）

现在完成时的被动语态用于表达某事已经被完成，通常强调结果或影响。

结构： have / has been + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + have/has been + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They have completed the task.
→ 他们已经完成了任务。
被动语态: The task has been completed by them.
→ 任务已经被他们完成。
主动语态: John has written a letter.
→ 约翰已经写了一封信。
被动语态: A letter has been written by John.
→ 一封信已经由约翰写好。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. Lisa has cleaned the room. → 丽莎已经打扫了房间。
2. They have broken the window. → 他们打破了窗户。
3. My friend has found the keys. → 我朋友找到了钥匙。

✅ 参考答案

The room has been cleaned by Lisa. → 房间已经被丽莎打扫。
The window has been broken by them. → 窗户已经被他们打破。
The keys have been found by my friend. → 钥匙已经被我朋友找到。

✅ 过去完成时的被动语态（Past Perfect Passive）

过去完成时的被动语态用于表达在过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作，通常强调先后顺序或因果关系。

结构： had been + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + had been + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They had completed the task.
→ 他们已经完成了任务（在过去某时间之前）。
被动语态: The task had been completed by them.
→ 任务在那之前已经被他们完成。
主动语态: She had cleaned the kitchen.
→ 她已经打扫过厨房了。
被动语态: The kitchen had been cleaned by her.
→ 厨房已经被她打扫过了。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. They had delivered the package. → 他们已经送达了包裹。
2. The mechanic had repaired the car. → 技师已经修好了车。
3. She had written the report. → 她已经写好了报告。

✅ 参考答案

The package had been delivered by them. → 包裹已经被他们送达。
The car had been repaired by the mechanic. → 汽车已经被技师修好。
The report had been written by her. → 报告已经被她写好。

✅ 将来完成时的被动语态（Future Perfect Passive）

将来完成时的被动语态用于表示在未来某个时间点之前动作将被完成。它常用于预测、计划或目标的陈述。

结构： will have been + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + will have been + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They will have finished the report.
→ 他们将在那之前完成报告。
被动语态: The report will have been finished by them.
→ 报告将在那之前由他们完成。
主动语态: She will have cleaned the house.
→ 她会在那时之前打扫完房子。
被动语态: The house will have been cleaned by her.
→ 房子将在那之前被她打扫干净。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. He will have completed the task. → 他将完成任务。
2. We will have sent the invitation. → 我们将寄出邀请函。
3. The chef will have prepared the meal. → 厨师将准备好这顿饭。

✅ 参考答案

The task will have been completed by him. → 任务将在那时前被他完成。
The invitation will have been sent by us. → 邀请函将在那之前由我们寄出。
The meal will have been prepared by the chef. → 饭菜将在那之前被厨师准备好。

✅ 现在完成进行时的被动语态（Present Perfect Continuous Passive）

虽然英语中较少使用现在完成进行时的被动语态，但它在某些正式语境或技术性表达中确实存在，用于描述某个动作从过去持续到现在，且这个动作是被执行的。

结构： has / have been being + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + has/have been being + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They have been painting the house.
→ 他们一直在粉刷这栋房子。
被动语态: The house has been being painted by them.
→ 这栋房子一直在被他们粉刷。
主动语态: She has been cleaning the office.
→ 她一直在打扫办公室。
被动语态: The office has been being cleaned by her.
→ 办公室一直在被她打扫。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. They have been using this machine. → 他们一直在使用这台机器。
2. He has been repairing the car. → 他一直在修理汽车。
3. The workers have been painting the walls. → 工人们一直在粉刷墙壁。

✅ 参考答案

This machine has been being used by them. → 这台机器一直被他们使用。
The car has been being repaired by him. → 汽车一直被他修理。
The walls have been being painted by the workers. → 墙壁一直被工人们粉刷。

✅ 过去完成进行时的被动语态（Past Perfect Continuous Passive）

这个结构在英语中非常少见，通常出现在被动动作从过去某时点开始，并持续到另一个过去时间点的场景中，多见于书面语或科技类表达。

结构： had been being + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + had been being + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: They had been repairing the road.
→ 他们一直在修这条路（直到那个时间点）。
被动语态: The road had been being repaired by them.
→ 这条路一直被他们修着（直到那个时间点）。
主动语态: The company had been building the bridge.
→ 公司一直在建造那座桥。
被动语态: The bridge had been being built by the company.
→ 那座桥一直在被公司建造。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. They had been cleaning the room. → 他们一直在打扫房间。
2. She had been washing the dishes. → 她一直在洗碗。
3. The engineers had been testing the system. → 工程师们一直在测试系统。

✅ 参考答案

The room had been being cleaned by them. → 房间一直被他们打扫着。
The dishes had been being washed by her. → 碗一直被她洗着。
The system had been being tested by the engineers. → 系统一直被工程师们测试着。

✅ 条件式现在时的被动语态（Present Conditional Passive）

条件式现在时的被动语态用于表达在某种条件下将会被完成的动作，常见于假设、愿望或虚拟语气中。

结构： would be + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + would be + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: He would help me.
→ 他会帮助我。
被动语态: I would be helped by him.
→ 我会被他帮助。
主动语态: They would deliver the package.
→ 他们会投递包裹。
被动语态: The package would be delivered by them.
→ 包裹会被他们投递。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. She would answer the question. → 她会回答这个问题。
2. We would invite Tom. → 我们会邀请汤姆。
3. They would open the shop. → 他们会开店。

✅ 参考答案

The question would be answered by her. → 这个问题会被她回答。
Tom would be invited by us. → 汤姆会被我们邀请。
The shop would be opened by them. → 商店会被他们开张。

✅ 条件式过去时的被动语态（Past Conditional Passive）

条件式过去时的被动语态用于描述在过去某种假设条件下本来会被完成的动作。常见于虚拟语气和与过去事实相反的表达中。

结构： would have been + 过去分词

结构示例：
主语 + would have been + 过去分词 + (by + 执行者)

🔁 例句：

主动语态: He would have completed the task.
→ 他本来会完成任务（如果……）。
被动语态: The task would have been completed by him.
→ 任务本来会由他完成。
主动语态: They would have sent the email.
→ 他们本来会发送这封邮件。
被动语态: The email would have been sent by them.
→ 邮件本来会被他们发送。

📝 练习题：将下列句子改为被动语态

1. She would have written the report. → 她本来会写报告。
2. We would have invited Tom. → 我们本来会邀请汤姆。
3. They would have painted the house. → 他们本来会粉刷房子。

✅ 参考答案

The report would have been written by her. → 报告本来会由她写。
Tom would have been invited by us. → 汤姆本来会被我们邀请。
The house would have been painted by them. → 房子本来会被他们粉刷。

✅ 被动语态总结与综合练习（Passive Voice – Final Summary & Exercises）

🧠 被动语态结构总览：

一般现在时： am / is / are + 过去分词
现在进行时： am / is / are + being + 过去分词
一般过去时： was / were + 过去分词
过去进行时： was / were + being + 过去分词
将来时： will be + 过去分词
将来完成时： will have been + 过去分词
现在完成时： have / has been + 过去分词
过去完成时： had been + 过去分词
条件式现在时： would be + 过去分词
条件式过去时： would have been + 过去分词

📝 综合练习：将下列主动句转换为被动语态

1. The teacher explains the rules.
2. They are fixing the roof.
3. She wrote the message.
4. He will open the door.
5. We had completed the project.
6. They would invite the guests.
7. She has cooked dinner.

✅ 参考答案（点击展开）

The rules are explained by the teacher. → 规则被老师解释。
The roof is being fixed by them. → 屋顶正在被他们修理。
The message was written by her. → 信息被她写了。
The door will be opened by him. → 门将被他打开。
The project had been completed by us. → 项目已被我们完成。
The guests would be invited by them. → 客人会被他们邀请。
Dinner has been cooked by her. → 晚餐已被她做好。

💡 温馨提示：
若句中未提及执行者（by...），被动语态照样成立。例如：
The letter was sent. → 信已被寄出（无需说明谁寄的）。

英语中的间接引语（Reported Speech）

当我们想要转述别人说过的话，而不是直接引用时，我们就会使用间接引语（Reported Speech）。它常用于书面表达、正式讲话和叙述中。

📌 间接引语的基本特点：

不使用引号（""），而是通过连接词如 that、if、whether、wh-词 来连接。
主句动词若为过去时，从句的时态通常要后移一格（backshift）。
需要根据语境更改代词、时间副词、地点副词。

直接引语：
She said, "I am tired."
→ 她说：“我累了。”

间接引语：
She said that she was tired.
→ 她说她累了。

🎯 为什么学习间接引语？

它有助于提高你的写作与转述能力。
你能更自然地表达“某人说过某事”。
它是英语口语和考试中的常见语法点。

✅ 时态变化（Tense Changes in Reported Speech）

当主句的动词为过去时（如 said，told 等）， 从句中的动词时态通常需要后移一格。这种变化称为 backshift（时态后移）。

🧾 常见时态变化表：

直接引语中的时态	间接引语中的时态	例句（中文翻译）
Present Simple 例：I eat	Past Simple 例：I ate	She said, "I eat apples." → She said that she ate apples. → 她说她吃苹果。
Present Continuous 例：I am eating	Past Continuous 例：I was eating	He said, "I am eating." → He said he was eating. → 他说他正在吃。
Present Perfect 例：I have eaten	Past Perfect 例：I had eaten	She said, "I have eaten." → She said she had eaten. → 她说她已经吃过了。
Past Simple 例：I saw	Past Perfect 例：I had seen	He said, "I saw the movie." → He said he had seen the movie. → 他说他已经看过那部电影。
Future (will) 例：I will go	would 例：I would go	She said, "I will go." → She said she would go. → 她说她会去。

💡 注意： 如果主句为现在时或将来时（如 says, will say），时态可以不变。

✅ 代词、时间与地点的变化（Pronouns, Time & Place Changes）

在间接引语中，我们不仅要改变动词的时态，还常常需要根据上下文调整代词、时间副词、地点副词。这些词的变化取决于说话者和听话者的立场变化。

📌 常见变化表：

直接引语	间接引语	中文解释
`I`	`he / she`	我 → 他 / 她
`we`	`they`	我们 → 他们
`my`	`his / her`	我的 → 他的 / 她的
`now`	`then`	现在 → 那时
`today`	`that day`	今天 → 那天
`yesterday`	`the day before`	昨天 → 前一天
`tomorrow`	`the next day`	明天 → 第二天
`here`	`there`	这里 → 那里
`this`	`that`	这个 → 那个
`these`	`those`	这些 → 那些

🔁 例句：

She said, "I will help you."
→ She said that she would help me.
→ 她说她会帮助我。
He said, "I was here yesterday."
→ He said that he had been there the day before.
→ 他说他前一天在那儿。

💡 注意： 代词必须根据具体语境变化，确保句子通顺自然。

✅ 引导动词：say / tell / 其他表达（Introductory Verbs）

在使用间接引语时，引导动词决定了从句的结构。最常见的两个是 say 和 tell，它们的使用方式略有不同。

📌 say 与 tell 的区别：

动词	是否需要宾语（听话者）	结构	例句
say	❌ 不需要人作宾语	say + (that) + 从句	He said that he was tired. → 他说他累了。
tell	✅ 需要人作宾语	tell + 人 + (that) + 从句	She told me that she was happy. → 她告诉我她很高兴。

📌 其他常见的引导动词：

ask（问）：用于疑问句或请求
He asked where I lived. → 他问我住在哪里。
advise（建议）
She advised me to study more. → 她建议我多学习。
warn（警告）
They warned us not to go out late. → 他们警告我们不要太晚出门。
order / command（命令）
He ordered them to stop. → 他命令他们停止。
remind（提醒）
She reminded me to lock the door. → 她提醒我锁门。

💡 小贴士： 如果用的是 命令、建议、提醒 类动词，从句通常使用 to + 动词 或 not to + 动词。

✅ 间接引语的类型：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句（Statements, Questions & Commands）

间接引语可以分为三种常见类型：陈述句、疑问句和祈使句，每种句型的结构稍有不同。

📘 1. 陈述句（Statements）

使用 that（可以省略）连接主句和从句。

Direct: He said, "I am tired."
→ Reported: He said (that) he was tired.
→ 他说他累了。
Direct: She said, "We have won."
→ Reported: She said they had won.
→ 她说他们赢了。

❓ 2. 疑问句（Questions）

➤ 是非疑问句（Yes/No Questions）

使用 if 或 whether 引导从句，不用倒装，不用问号。

Direct: He asked, "Are you ready?"
→ Reported: He asked if I was ready.
→ 他问我是否准备好了。

➤ 特殊疑问句（Wh- Questions）

使用原来的疑问词（如 what, where, when...）引导从句。

Direct: She asked, "Where do you live?"
→ Reported: She asked where I lived.
→ 她问我住在哪里。
Direct: He asked, "What are you doing?"
→ Reported: He asked what I was doing.
→ 他问我在做什么。

🗣️ 3. 祈使句（Imperatives / Commands）

使用 to + 动词（肯定命令）或 not to + 动词（否定命令）

Direct: She said, "Close the door."
→ Reported: She told me to close the door.
→ 她让我把门关上。
Direct: He said, "Don't be late."
→ Reported: He told me not to be late.
→ 他告诉我不要迟到。

💡 总结： - 陈述句 ➜ that 从句
- 疑问句 ➜ if / wh- + 陈述语序
- 祈使句 ➜ to / not to + 动词

✅ 总结与综合练习（Reported Speech – Final Summary & Exercises）

📌 语法回顾：

时态变化： 主句为过去时，从句需后移时态（backshift）。
代词变化： 根据上下文更改人称代词。
时间/地点副词变化： now → then, today → that day, here → there 等。
句型结构：
- 陈述句：say / tell + (that) + 陈述语序
- 是非疑问句：ask + if / whether + 陈述语序
- 特殊疑问句：ask + wh-word + 陈述语序
- 祈使句：tell / ask / order + to / not to + 动词

📝 综合练习：将以下直接引语改为间接引语

1. He said, "I am busy now."
2. She asked, "Where do you live?"
3. They said, "We will go tomorrow."
4. Tom said, "I saw her yesterday."
5. The teacher said, "Don’t talk!"
6. She said, "I have finished the work."

✅ 参考答案（点击展开）

He said that he was busy then. → 他说他那时很忙。
She asked where I lived. → 她问我住在哪里。
They said that they would go the next day. → 他们说他们第二天会去。
Tom said that he had seen her the day before. → 汤姆说他前一天见过她。
The teacher told us not to talk. → 老师叫我们不要说话。
She said that she had finished the work. → 她说她已经完成了工作。

🎉 恭喜你！ 你已完成关于 被动语态 和 间接引语 的全部学习内容！多加练习将帮助你在口语和写作中更加自然地运用这些结构。